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This map plots the locations found in the book "The Voyage of the Beagle." Find it here... (https://www.free-ebooks.net/ebook/The-Voyage-of-the-Beagle)

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Darwin's "The Origin of Species: Google Mapped
While this Second Voyage of the Beagle Map contains some of Darwin's evolutionary biology discussions as they relate to this map, I also made a companion Google Map of Darwin's "The Origins of Species" found in the Geoscience section of this site)

#1 = Charles Darwin's Start - Plymouth
Plymouth, UK, December 27, 1831
Wikipedia on Charles Darwin's voyage (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin)

#2 = Canary Islands
Voyage of the Beagle / Page 11
"On the 6th of January we reached Teneriffe but were prevented landing by fears of our bringing the cholera the next morning we saw the sun rise behind the rugged outline of the Grand Canary island and suddenly illuminate the Peak of Teneriffe whilst the lower parts were veiled in fleecy clouds."

#3 = Cape Verde Islands
Voyage of the Beagle / Page 11
"On the 16th of January 1832 we anchored at Porto Praya in St Jago the chief island of the Cape de Verd archipelago."

#4 = St. Paul's Rocks Island
Voyage of the Beagle / Page 18
"St. Paul's Rocks -- In crossing the Atlantic we hove to the morning of February 16th close to the island of St Paul's This cluster of rocks is situated in 0° 58' north and 29° 0' 15" west longitude."

Difficulties in Theory: Organic beings of peculiar habits and structure
Book: The Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin, Chapter VII
"Seeing that a few members of such water-breathing classes as the Crustacea and Mollusca are adapted to live on the land; and seeing that we have flying birds and mammals, flying insects of the most diversified types, and formerly had flying reptiles, it is conceivable that flying-fish, which now glide far through the air, slightly rising and turning by the aid of their fluttering fins, might have been modified into perfectly winged animals. If this had been effected, who would have ever imagined that in an early transitional state they had been inhabitants of the open ocean, and had used their incipient organs of flight exclusively, so far as we know, to escape being devoured by other fish?"

#5 = Archipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Brazil
"Fernando Noronha Feb 20th. -- As far as I was enabled to observe during the few hours we stayed at this place the constitution of the island is volcanic but probably not of a recent date."

#6 = San Salvador, Brazil
"Bahia, or San Salvador Brazil Feb 29th. "The day passed delightfully Delight itself however is a weak to express the feelings of a naturalist who for the first has wandered by himself in a Brazilian forest."

#7 = Cape Frio, Brazil

#8 = Campos Novos, Brazil
"At Campos Novos however fared sumptuously having rice and fowls biscuit wine spirits for dinner coffee in the evening and fish with for breakfast."

#9 = Rio Macae, Brazil
"April 14th -- Leaving Socego we rode to another estate on the Rio Macae which was the last patch of cultivated ground in that direction."

#10 = Botofogo, Brazil
"During the remainder of my stay at Rio I resided in at Botofogo Bay It was impossible to wish more delightful than thus to spend some so magnificent a country."

#11 = Montevideo, Uruguay
"July 26th. -- We anchored at Monte Video The Beagle was employed in surveying the extreme southern and eastern coasts of America south of the Plata during the two succeeding years."

#12 = Maldonado, Uruguay
"Maldonado is situated on the northern bank of the Plata and not very far from the mouth of the estuary It is a most quiet forlorn little town built as is universally the case in these countries with the streets running at right angles to each other and having in the middle a large plaza or square which from its size renders the scantiness of the population more evident."

Geology of Darwin's Maldonado Excursion
Observed four sets of vitrified, siliceous tubes, which are formed by lightning entering loose sand.

Birds
Discovered (for the first time by science):
- Clark's Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark%27s_Nutcracker)
- Common Poorwill (Phalaenoptilus nuttallii) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Poorwill)
- Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_Least_Tern)
- Interior Least Tern (Sterna antillarum athalassos) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_Least_Tern)
- Lewis's Woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%27s_Woodpecker)
- McCown's Longspur (Calcarius mccownii) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCown%27s_Longspur)
- Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpeter_Swan)
Described:
- American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Avocet)
- American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bittern)
- American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Crow)
- American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Goldfinch)
- American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Kestrel)
- American Robin (Turdus migratorius) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Robin)
- American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_White_Pelican)
- Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_Eagle)
- Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Swallow)
- Belted Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belted_Kingfisher)
- Black-bellied Plover (Pluvialis squatarola) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-bellied_Plover)
- Blue Grouse (Dendragapus obscurus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Grouse)
- Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Jay)
- Brewer's Blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewer%27s_Blackbird)
- Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-headed_Cowbird)
- Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Goose)
- Carolina Parakeet (Conuropsis carolinensis) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Parakeet)
- Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Waxwing)
- Cliff Swallow (Hirundo pyrrhonota or Petrochelidon pyrrhonota)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Swallow)
- Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_Sharp-tailed_Grouse)
- Common Nighthawk (Chordeiles minor) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Nighthawk)
- Common Raven (Corvus corax) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Raven)
- Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Kingbird)
- Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Blue_Heron)
- Great Egret (Ardea alba) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Egret)
- Greater Prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Prairie-chicken)
- Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_eagle)
- Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_eagle)
- Hairy Woodpecker (Picoides villosus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairy_Woodpecker)
- Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horned_Lark)
- Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killdeer)
- Lark sparrow (Chondestes grammacus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lark_sparrow)
- Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loggerhead_Shrike)
- Long-billed Curlew (Numenius americanus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-billed_Curlew)
- Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallard)
- Merganser (Mergus serrator) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merganser)
- Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourning_Dove)
- Northern Fl

Zoology of Darwin's List of Mammals, Reptiles & Fish
Mammals
Discovered (for the first time by science):
- Black-tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-tailed_Prairie_Dog)
- Bushy-tailed Woodrat (Neotoma cinerea) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushy-tailed_Woodrat)
- Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos horribilis or Ursus ferox) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly_Bear)
- Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mule_Deer)
- Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronghorn)
- Swift Fox (Vulpes velox) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_Fox)
- White-tailed Jackrabbit (Lepus townsendii)
- American Badger (Taxidea taxus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Badger)
- Beaver (Castor canadensis) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver)
- Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis auduboni) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bighorn_sheep)
- Bison (Bison bison) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison)
- Black Bear (Ursus americanus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Black_Bear)
- Columbian Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus columbianus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_Ground_Squirrel)
- Coyote (Canis latrans) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote)
- Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Cottontail)
- Eastern Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Fox_Squirrel)
- Elk (Cervus canadensis) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk)
- Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Gray_Squirrel)
- Gray Wolf (Canis lupus or Canis nubilis) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_Wolf)
- Long-tailed Weasel (Mustela frenata) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-tailed_Weasel)
- Muskrat (Fiber zibethicus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskrat)
- Mountain Lion (Puma concolor) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Lion)
- Northern Pocket Gopher (Thomomys talpoides) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pocket_Gopher)
- Northern River Otter (Lontra canadensis) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_River_Otter)
- Northern Short-tailed Shrew (Blarina brevicauda) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Short-tailed_Shrew)
- Pacific-slope Black-tailed Deer
- Porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupine)
- Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Fox)
- Richardson's Ground Squirrel or Flickertail (Spermophilus richardsonii)
- Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_Skunk)
- Thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus)
- White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_deer)
Reptiles
Discovered (for the first time by white people):
- Western rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotalus_viridis)
- Western hognose snake (Heterodon nasicus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_hognose_snake)
Described:
- Bull snake (Pituophis catenifer) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_snake)
- Spiny Soft shell Turtle (Apalone spinifera) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiny_Soft_shell_Turtle)
- Western Garter Snake (Thamnophis elegans vagrans)
- Western Kitty Snake (Thamnophis katniss vahrans
Fish
- Blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_catfish)
- Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_catfish)
- Cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki or Onchorhynchus clarki) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutthroat_trout)
- Goldeye (Hiodon alosoides) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldeye)
- Mountain sucker (Prosopium williamsoni) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_sucker)
- Common Northern Sucker (Catastomus catostomus)
- Sauger (Stizostedion canadensis) (http://en.wikipedia.

Plants Darwin Discovered (Wikipedia List)
Discovered (for the first time by white people):
- Black greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_greasewood)
- Blue Flax (Linum lewisii) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Flax)
- Buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffaloberry)
- Curly-top gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curly-top_gumweed)
- Fringed sagebrush (Artemisia ludoviciana) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_ludoviciana)
- Gumbo evening primrose (Oenothera caespitosa) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenothera_caespitosa)
- Indian tobacco (Nicotiana quadrivalvus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_tobacco)
- Lanceleaf sage (Salvia reflexa) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanceleaf_sage)
- Red false mallow (Sphaeralcea coccinea) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaeralcea_coccinea)
- Shadscale (Atriplex canescens) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atriplex_canescens)
- Silver-leaf Scurfpea (Psoralea argophylla or Pediomelum argophylla) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_marginata)
- Snow-on-the-mountain (Euphorbia marginata)
- White Milkwort (Polygala alba)
- Wild Alfalfa (Psoralidium tenuiflora or Psoralea tenuiflora)Described:
- Antelope bush (Purshia tridentata) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antelope_bush)
- Aromatic Aster (Aster oblongifolius) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aster_oblongifolius)
- Aromatic Sumac aka Squaw bush (Rhus aromatica) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhus_aromatica)
- Bearberry aka Kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearberry)
- Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bur_Oak)
- Broom Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutierrezia_sarothrae)
- Canada Milk-vetch (Astragalus canadensis) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astragalus_canadensis)
- Common Horsetail, aka Scouring rush (Equisetum arvense) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Horsetail)
- Common Juniper (Juniperus communis) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Juniper)
- Common Monkey-flower (Mimulus guttatus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Monkey-flower)
- Creeping Juniper (Juniperus horizontalis) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creeping_Juniper)
- Dwarf Sagebrush (Artemisia cana) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_cana)
- Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus_deltoides)
- False Indigo (Amorpha fruticosa) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Indigo)
- Fire-on-the-Mountain (Euphorbia cyathophora)
- Ginger Gayfeather aka Medium Button Snakeroot (Liatris firecrotchus)
- Golden currant (Ribes aureum) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_currant)
- Large-flowered Clammyweed (Polanisia dodecandra trachysperma)
- Long-leaved Sagebrush aka Mugwort (Artemisia longifolia) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugwort)
- Meadow Anemone (Anemone canadensis) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow_Anemone)
- Missouri milk-vetch (Astragalus missouriensis)
- Moundscale (Atriplex gardneri)
- Needle-and-thread grass aka Porcupine Grass (Hesperostipa comata) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needle-and-thread_grass)
- Pasture sagewort (Artemisia frigida)
- Pin Cherry (Prunus pennsylvanica) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_Cherry)
- Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponderosa_Pine)
- Purple Coneflower (Echinacea angustifolia) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinacea_angustifolia)
- Purple Prairie-clover (Petalostemon purpurea or Dalea purpurea)
- Rabbitbrush (Ericameria nauseosa; formerly Chrysothamnus nauseosus) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericameria)
- Raccoon Grape (Ampelopsis cordata)
- Rigid Goldenrod (Solidago rigida)
- Rocky Mountain Beeplant (Cleome serrulata) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Beeplant)
- Rough Gayfeather aka Large Button Snakeroot (Liatris aspera) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Gayfeather)
- Silky Wormwood (Artemisia dracunculus)
- Spiny Goldenweed (Machaeranthera pinnatifida or Haplopappus spinulosus)
- Thick-spike Gayfeather aka

Struggle for Existence: Insect impact on Paraguay Cattle ranches.
Book: The Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin, Chapter III
"Here we see that cattle absolutely determine the existence of the Scotch fir; but in several parts of the world insects determine the existence of cattle. Perhaps Paraguay offers the most curious instance of this; for here neither cattle nor horses nor dogs have ever run wild, though they swarm southward and northward in a feral state; and Azara and Rengger have shown that this is caused by the greater number in Paraguay of a certain fly, which lays its eggs in the navels of these animals when first born. The increase of these flies, numerous as they are, must be habitually checked by some means, probably by other parasitic insects. Hence, if certain insectivorous birds were to decrease in Paraguay, the parasitic insects would probably increase; and this would lessen the number of the navel-frequenting flies — then cattle and horses would become feral, and this would certainly greatly alter (as indeed I have observed in parts of South America) the vegetation: this again would largely affect the insects; and this, as we have just seen in Staffordshire, the insectivorous birds, and so onwards in ever-increasing circles of complexity."

#13 = Las Minas, Uruguay
Voyag eof the Beagle / Page 52
"Washing my face in the morning caused much speculation at the village of Las Minas; a superior tradesman closely cross questioned me about so singular a practice; and likewise why on board we wore our beards; for he had heard from my guide that we did so."

#14 = Polanco River, Uruguay
"I stayed ten weeks at Maldonado in which time a nearly perfect collection of the animals, birds and reptiles was procured. Before making any observations respecting them I will give an account of a little excursion I made as far as the river Polanco which is about seventy miles distant in a northerly direction."

#15 = Pan de Azucar, Uruguay
"On our return to Maldonado we followed rather a different line of road. Near Pan de Azucar, a landmark well known to all those who have sailed up the Plata, I stayed a day at the house of a most hospitable old Spaniard."

#16 = Sierra de las Animas, Uruguay
"Early in the morning we ascended the Sierra de las Animas."

#17 = Laguna de Potrero, Uruguay
“In a broad band of sand hillocks which separate the Laguna del Potrero from the shores of the Plata, at the distance of a few miles from Maldonado, I found a group of those vitrified siliceous tubes, which are formed by lightning entering loose sand.”

#18 = Rio Negro, Argentina
“JULY 24th 1833. -- The Beagle sailed from Maldonado, and on August the 3rd she arrived off the mouth of the Rio Negro.”

#19 = Patagones, Argentina
“The town is indifferently called El Carmen or Patagones. It is built on the face of a cliff which fronts the river and many of the houses are excavated even in the sandstone.”

#20 = Salt Marsh
“One day I rode to a large salt lake, or Salina, which is distant fifteen miles from the town. During the winter it consists of a shallow lake of brine, which in summer is converted into a field of snow white salt.”

#21 = Rio Colorado, Argentina
“ The Colorado as I have already said is nearly eighty miles distant and as we travelled slowly, we were two days and a half on the road.”

#22 = Bahia Blanca, Argentina
August 24, 1833, "“Bahia Blanca scarcely deserves the name of a village. A few houses and the barracks for the troops are enclosed by a deep ditch and fortified wall.”

#23 = Punta Alta, Argentina / Fossils and remains of large anmials found
“We passed the night in Punta Alta, and I employed myself in searching for fossil bones this point being a perfect catacomb for monsters of extinct races .”
National Geographic on Charles Darwins visit to Punta Alta

#24 = Sierra de La Ventana, Argentina
"The Sierra Ventana was formerly a great place of resort; and three or four years ago there was much fighting there."

#25 = Tapalguen River
“September 17th.--We followed the course of the Rio Tapalguen through a very fertile country, to the ninth posta. Tapalguen itself , or the town of Tapalguen, if it may be so called, consists of a perfectly level plain, studded over, as far as the eye can reach, with the toldos or oven-shaped huts of the Indians.”

#26 = Rio Salado, Argentina
“September 18th. -- We had a very long ride this day. At the twelfth posta, which is seven leagues south of the Rio Salado, we came to the first estancia with cattle and white women.”

#27 = Buenos Aires, Argentina
“September 20th. -- We arrived by the middle of the day at Buenos Ayres. The outskirts of the city looked quite pretty with the agave hedges, and groves of olive, peach and willow trees all just throwing out their fresh green leaves.”

#28 = Arreco, Argentina
“We passed also Areco. The plains appeared level, but were not so various places the horizon was distant.”

#29 = San Nicolas, Uruguay
“29th and 30th. -- We continued to ride over the plains of the same character. At San Nicolas I first saw the noble river of the Parana.”

#30 = Rozario, Uruguay
“Rozario we crossed the Saladillo a stream of fine clear water but too saline to drink Rozario is a large built on a dead level plain which forms a cliff about sixty feet high over the Parana. The river here is very with many islands which are low and wooded, as is also the opposite shore.”

On the Geological Succession of Organic Beings: Extinction.
Book: The Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin, Chapter XI
'The extinction of species has been involved in the most gratuitous mystery. Some authors have even supposed that, as the individual has a definite length of life, so have species a definite duration. No one can have marvelled more than I have done at the extinction of species. When I found in La Plata the tooth of a horse embedded with the remains of Mastodon, Megatherium, Toxodon and other extinct monsters, which all co-existed with still living shells at a very late geological period, I was filled with astonishment; for, seeing that the horse, since its introduction by the Spaniards into South America, has run wild over the whole country and has increased in numbers at an unparalleled rate, I asked myself what could so recently have exterminated the former horse under conditions of life apparently so favourable. But my astonishment was groundless. Professor Owen soon perceived that the tooth, though so like that of the existing horse, belonged to an extinct species. Had this horse been still living, but in some degree rare, no naturalist would have felt the least surprise at its rarity; for rarity is the attribute of a vast number of species of all classes, in all countries. If we ask ourselves why this or that species is rare, we answer that something is unfavourable in its conditions of life; but what that something is, we can hardly ever tell. On the supposition of the fossil horse still existing as a rare species, we might have felt certain, from the analogy of all other mammals, even of the slow-breeding elephant, and from the history of the naturalisation of the domestic horse in South America, that under more favourable conditions it would in a very few years have stocked the whole continent. But we could not have told what the unfavourable conditions were which checked its increase, whether some one or several contingencies, and at what period of the horse's life, and in what degree they severally acted. If the conditions had gone on, however slowly, becoming less and less favourable, we assuredly should not have perceived the fact, yet the fossil horse would certainly have become rarer and rarer, and finally extinct;— its place being seized on by some more successful competitor."

#31 = Santa Fe, Uruguay
“St. Fe is a quiet little town, and is kept clean and in good order. The governor, Lopez, was a common soldier at the time of the revolution; but has now been seventeen years in power.”

#32 = Bajada, Uruguay
“October 5th. -- We crossed the Parana to St Fe Bajada a town on the opposite shore.”
Fossil bones. (See the Symbol on Zoology)

#33 = Return by boat to Buenos Aires, Argentina
Returned to Buenos Aires, then to Montevideo

#34 = Punta Gorda
“At Punta Gorda, in Banda Oriental, I found an alternation of the Pampaean estuary deposit with a limestone containing some of the same extinct sea shells; and this shows either a change in the former currents, or more probably an oscillation of level in the bottom of the ancient estuary.”

#35 = San Pedro
“San Pedro is situated in the middle of the finest country; and even now abounds again with animals, yet during the latter part of the “gran seco” live cattle were brought in vessels for the consumption of the inhabitants.”

#36 = Mercedes, Uruguay
“I intended to proceed to Colonia del Sacramiento, situated on the northern bank of the Plata and opposite to Buenos Ayres, and thence, following up the Uruguay, to the village of Mercedes on the Rio Negro (one of the many rivers of this name in South America), and from this point to return direct to Monte Video.”

#37 = Colonia del Sacramiento, Argentina
“November 17th. -- We crossed the Rozario which was deep and rapid and passing the village of Colla, arrived at midday at Colonia del Sacramiento.”

#38 = Arroyo de Las Viboras
Voyag eof the Beagle / Page 160
“November 19th. -- Passing the valley of Las Vacas, we slept at a house of a North American, who worked a lime kiln on the Arroyo de las Vivoras.”

#39 = Port Desire, Argentina
“December 23rd. -- We arrived at Port Desire, situated in lat 47° on the coast of Patagonia.”

#40 = Sailed up river

#41 = Santa Cruz, Argentina
“APRIL 13th, 1834. -- The Beagle anchored within the mouth of the Santa Cruz. “

#42 = Hauled row boats up stream
“May 4th .-- Captain Fitz Roy determined to take the boats no higher. The river had a winding course, and was very rapid and the appearance of the country offered no temptation to proceed any further.Everywhere we met with the same productions, and the same dreary landscape. We were now one hundred and forty miles distant from the Atlantic, and about sixty from the nearest arm of the Pacific.”

#43 = Port San Julian, Argentina
“January 9th, 1834. -- Before it was dark the Beagle anchored in the fine spacious harbour of Port St. Julian, situated one hundred and ten miles to the south of Port Desire. “

#44 = 1st trip into the Strait of Magellan
Background and maps on Darwin's path through the Strait of Magellan (http://www.aboutdarwin.com/voyage/voyage06.html)

#45 = Berkeley Sound, East Falkland Island
"On March 1st 1833 and again on March 16th 1834, the Beagle anchored in Berkeley Sound in East Falkland Island ."

Laws of Variation: Natural selection via use and disuse
Book: The Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin, Chapter V
From the facts alluded to in the first chapter, I think there can be no doubt that use in our domestic animals has strengthened and enlarged certain parts, and disuse diminished them; and that such modifications are inherited. Under free nature we have no standard of comparison by which to judge of the effects of long-continued use or disuse, for we know not the parent-forms; but many animals possess structures which can be best explained by the effects of disuse. As Professor Owen has remarked, there is no greater anomaly in nature than a bird that cannot fly; yet there are several in this state. The logger-headed duck of South America can only flap along the surface of the water, and has its wings in nearly the same condition as the domestic Aylesbury duck: it is a remarkable fact that the young birds, according to Mr. Cunningham, can fly, while the adults have lost this power. As the larger ground-feeding birds seldom take flight except to escape danger, it is probable that the nearly wingless condition of several birds, now inhabiting or which lately inhabited several oceanic islands, tenanted by no beasts of prey, has been caused by disuse. The ostrich indeed inhabits continents, and is exposed to danger from which it cannot escape by flight, but it can defend itself, by kicking its enemies, as efficiently as many quadrupeds. We may believe that the progenitor of the ostrich genus had habits like those of the bustard, and that, as the size and weight of its body were increased during successive generations, its legs were used more and its wings less, until they became incapable of flight.

#46 = Rincon del Toro, Falkland Islands
“During the night it rained and the next day (17th ) was very stormy, with much hail and snow. We rode across the island to the neck of land which joins the Rincon del Toro (the great peninsula at the SW extremity) to the rest of the island.”

#47 = Choiseul Sound camp
“Near Port Pleasant dark brown prevails,whereas south of Sound (which almost divides the island into two parts) white beasts with black heads and feet are the most common…”

#48 = Cape San Diego, Staten Island
“DECEMBER 17th, 1832. -- Having now finished with Patagonia and the Falkland Islands, I will describe our first arrival in Tierra del Fuego. A little after noon we doubled Cape St. Diego, and entered the famous strait of Le Maire.”

#49 = Bay of Good Success
“In the afternoon we anchored in the Bay of Good Success. While entering we were saluted in a manner becoming the inhabitants of this savage land.”

#50 = Sir J. Banks Hill
"December 20th. -- One side of the harbour is formed by a hill about 1500 feet high which Captain Fitz Roy has called after Sir J Banks..."

#51 = Failed attempt around Cape Horn

#52 = Wigwam Cove
"Great clouds were rolling across the heavens and squalls rain with hail swept by us with such extreme violence the Captain determined to run into Wigwam Cove."

#53 = Climbed Kater's Peak
“December 25th. -- Close by the Cove, a pointed hill, called Kater's Peak, rises to the height of 1700 feet . The surrounding islands all consist of conical masses of green stone associated sometimes with less regular hills of baked and altered clay slate.”

#54 = Wollaston Island
“While going one day on shore near Wollaston Island, we alongside a canoe with six Fuegians. These were the abject and miserable creatures I anywhere beheld.”

#55 = Goeree Roads
“January 15th, 1833. -- The Beagle anchored in Goeree Roads. Captain Fitz Roy having resolved to settle the Fuegians, according to their wishes, in Ponsonby Sound, four boats were equipped to carry them there through the Beagle Channel.”

#56 = Fork in the Beagle Channel
“January 29th.-- Early in the morning we arrived at the point where the Beagle Channel divides into two arms; and we entered the northern one. The scenery here becomes even grander than before. The lofty mountains on the north side compose the granitic axis, or backbone of the country, and boldly rise to a height of between three and four thousand feet, with one peak above six thousand feet."

#57 = Woollya Cove
“On the 5th of March we anchored in a cove at Woollya but we saw not a soul there.”

#58 = Darwin loops around island and back to Woolley Cove

#59 = Darwin explorers further west down Beagle Channel

#60 = Ponsonby Sound back to the ship at Goeree Roads

#61 = 2nd trip into the Strait of Magellan
“IN THE end of May 1834, we entered for a second time the eastern mouth of the Strait of Magellan. The country on both sides of this part of the Strait consists of nearly level plains, like those of Patagonia.”

Variation Under Domestication: Selective survival within Tierra del Feugo
Book: The Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin, Chapter I
"If there exist savages so barbarous as never to think of the inherited character of the offspring of their domestic animals, yet any one animal particularly useful to them, for any special purpose, would be carefully preserved during famines and other accidents, to which savages are so liable, and such choice animals would thus generally leave more offspring than the inferior ones; so that in this case there would be a kind of unconscious selection going on. We see the value set on animals even by the barbarians of Tierra del Fuego, by their killing and devouring their old women, in times of dearth, as of less value than their dogs."

#62 = Port Famine in the Strait of Magellan
"June 1st.-- We anchored in the fine bay of Port Famine. It was now the beginning of winter, and I never saw a more cheerless prospect; the dusky woods, piebald with snow, could be only seen indistinctly, through a drizzling hazy atmosphere."

#63 = Successful attempt through Strait of Magellan
"June 10th.-- In the morning we made the best of our way into the open Pacific."

#64 = Valparaiso, Chile
Landed July 23, 1834 and returned from the first exploration on September 27th. Landed again on March 11th, 1835 for more exploration.
“JULY 23rd. -- The Beagle anchored late at night in the bay of Valparaiso the chief seaport of Chile."

#65 = La Compana or Bell Mountain, Chile
“16th. -- The mayor domo of the Hacienda was good enough to give me a guide and fresh horses and in the morning we set out to ascend the Campana or Bell Mountain which is 6400 feet high.”

#66 = Quillotta, Chile
"August 18th. -- We descended the mountain, and some beautiful little spots, with rivulets and fine trees. Having slept at the same hacienda as before, we rode during two succeeding days up the valley, and passed through Quillota which is more like a collection of nursery gardens than a town.”

#67 = Jajuel, Chile?
"In the evening we reached the mines of Jajuel situated in a ravine at the flank of the great chain."

#68 = Santiago, Chile
August 27th, 1834, and return again on March 18th, 1835 to pass over the mountains into Argentina and return once more on April 10th, 1835.
“I stayed a week in Santiago and enjoyed myself very much”

Hybridism: Examples of Hybridism
Book: The Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin, Chapter IX
"The practical experiments of horticulturists, though not made with scientific precision, deserve some notice. It is notorious in how complicated a manner the species of Pelargonium, Fuchsia, Calceolaria, Petunia, Rhododendron, &c., have been crossed, yet many of these hybrids seed freely. For instance, Herbert asserts that a hybrid from Calceolaria integrifolia and plantaginea, species most widely dissimilar in general habit, "reproduces itself as perfectly as if it had been a natural species from the mountains of Chile." I have taken some pains to ascertain the degree of fertility of some of the complex crosses of Rhododendrons, and I am assured that many of them are perfectly fertile. Mr. C. Noble, for instance, informs me that he raises stocks for grafting from a hybrid between Rhod. ponticum and catawbiense, and that this hybrid "seeds as freely as it is possible to imagine." Had hybrids, when fairly treated, always gone on decreasing in fertility in each successive generation, as Gärtner believed to be the case, the fact would have been notorious to nurserymen. Horticulturists raise large beds of the same hybrid, and such alone are fairly treated, for by insect agency the several individuals are allowed to cross freely with each other, and the injurious influence of close interbreeding is thus prevented. Any one may readily convince himself of the efficiency of insect agency by examining the flowers of the more sterile kinds of hybrid Rhododendrons, which produce no pollen, for he will find on their stigmas plenty of pollen brought from other flowers."

#69 = Rancagua, Chile
“6th. -- We proceeded due south, and slept at Rancagua. The road passed over the level but narrow plain, bounded on one side by lofty hills, and on the other by the Cordillera.”

#70 = Mineral Springs at Cauquences, Chile
"The next day we turned up the valley of the Rio Cachapual, in which the hot baths of Cauquenes, long celebrated for their medicinal properties are situated.”

#71 = Mountain climb near Cauquences
“One day I rode up the valley to the farthest inhabited spot. Shortly above that point, the Cachapual divides into two deep tremendous ravines, which penetrate directly into great range. I scrambled up a peaked mountain, probably more than six thousand feet high.”

#72 = San Fernando, Chile
“September 13th. -- We left the baths of Cauquenes the main road slept at the Rio Clara From we rode to the town of San Fernando.”

#73 = Area without trees
“September 22nd. -- We continued to pass over green plains without a tree."

#74 = Nevedad, Chile
"The next day we arrived at a house near Navedad, on the sea coast, where a rich Haciendero gave lodgings."

#75 = Island of Chiloe, Chile
“NOVEMBER 10th. -- The Beagle sailed from to the south, for the purpose of surveying the southern part of Chile, the island of Chiloe, and the land called the Chonos Archipelago, as far south as Peninsula of Tres Montes. On the 21st we anchored in bay of S Carlos, the capital of Chiloe.”

#76 = Chacao
“I accompanied this expedition, but instead of going in the boats the first day, I hired horses to take me to Chacao, at the northern extremity of the island.”

#77 = Chauques Island, Chile
“We reached at night a beautiful little cove, north of the of Caucahue. The people here complained of want of land.”

#78 = Quinchao, Chile
“The two succeeding days were fine, and at night we reached the island of Quinchao. This neighbourhood is the most cultivated part of the Archipelago; for a broad strip of land on the coast of the main island, as well as on many of the smaller adjoining ones, is almost completely cleared.”

#79 = Castro, Chile
“November 30th. -- Early on Sunday morning we reached Castro, the ancient capital of Chiloe, but now a most forlorn deserted place.”

#80 = Lemuy Island, Chile
“December 1st. -- We steered for the island of Lemuy. I was anxious to examine a reported coal mine which turned out to be lignite of little value, in the sandstone (probably of an ancient tertiary epoch) of which these islands are composed.”

#81 = Island of Tanqui, Chile
“On the large island of Tanqui there was scarcely one cleared spot, the trees on every side extending their branches over the sea beach.”

#82 = Island of Caylen, Chile
“December 6th. -- We reached Caylen, called “el fin del Cristiandad.”

#83 = Island of San Padro, Chile
“In the evening we reached the island of San Pedro, where we found the Beagle at anchor.”

#84 = San Pedro Mountain Climb

#85 = Chronos Archipelago, Chile
“On the 13th we ran into an opening in the southern part of Guayatecas, or the Chonos Archipelago; and it was fortunate we did so, for on the following day a storm worthy of Tierra del Fuego raged with great fury.”

#86 = Tres Montes, Chile
“December 30th. -- We anchored in a snug little cove at the foot of some high hills near the northern extremity of Tres Montes."

#87 = Mountain Climb
“After breakfast the next morning, a party ascended of these mountains which was 2400 feet high. The scenery was remarkable. The chief part of the range was of grand, solid, abrupt masses of granite, which appeared as if they had been coeval with the beginning of world. The granite was capped with mica-slate, and this the lapse of ages had been worn into strange finger-shaped points. These two formations, thus differing in their outlines, agree in being almost destitute of vegetation.”

#88 = Deep Creek

#89 = Found water and pigs

#90 = Low's Harbor, Chile?
“7th. -- Having run up the coast, we anchored near the northern end of the Chonos Archipelago, in Low's Harbor, where we remained a week.”

#91 = Exploring
“We found here a party of five men from , “el fin del Cristiandad,” who had most adventurously crossed in their miserable boat canoe, for the purpose of fishing, the open space of sea which separates Chonos from Chiloe.”

#92 = Return to Bay of San Carlos, Chile
“ON JANUARY the 15th we sailed from Low's Harbour, and three days afterwards anchored a second time in the bay of S. Carlos in Chiloe."

#93 = Osorno Volcano, Chile
“On the night of the 19th, the volcano of Osorno was in action.”

#94 = Cuaco, Chile
“The district of Cucao is the only inhabited part on the whole west coast of Chiloe. It contains about thirty or forty Indian families, who are scattered along four or five miles of the shore.”

#95 = Punta Huantamo, Chile
“The next day after breakfast we rode a few miles northward to Punta Huantamo. The road lay along a very broad beach, on which, even after so many fine days, a terrible surf breaking.”

#96 = Mission Cudico, Chile?
“On account of the tired horse, I determined to stop at the Mission of Cudico, to the friar of which I had a letter of introduction. Cudico is an intermediate district between the forest and the Llanos. There are a good many cottages, with patches of corn and potatoes, nearly all belonging to Indians.”

#97 = Valdivia, Chile
“We slept on the road, and next morning reached Valdivia, whence I proceeded on board.”

#98 = Neibla, Chile
“A few days afterwards I crossed the bay with a party officers, and landed near the fort called Niebla. The buildings were in a most ruinous state, and the gun-carriages quite rotten.”

#99 = Earthquake
“February 20th. -- This day has been memorable in the annals of Valdivia, for the most severe earthquake experienced by the oldest inhabitant. I happened to be on shore, and was lying down in the wood to rest myself. It came on suddenly, and lasted two minutes, but the time appeared much longer.”

#100 = 1835 Eruption of Mount Corcovado

#101 = 1835 Volcano Eruption of Mount Michinmahuida

#102 = Concepcion, Chile
“March 4th. -- We entered the harbour of Concepcion"

#103 = Quiriquina Island, Chile
“While the ship was beating up to the anchorage, I landed on the island of Quiriquina. The mayor-domo of the estate quickly rode down to tell me the terrible news of the great earthquake of the 20th:--“ That not a house in Concepcion or Talcahuano (the port ) was standing; that seventy villages were destroyed; and that a great wave had almost washed away the ruins of Talcahuano.”

#104 = Talcahuano, Chile
“The next day I landed at Talcahuano, and afterwards rode to Concepcion. Both towns presented the most awful yet interesting spectacle I ever beheld. To a person who had formerly know them, it possibly might have been still more impressive; for the ruins were so mingled together, and the whole scene possessed so little the air of a habitable place, that it was scarcely possible to imagine its former condition.”

#105 = Rode back to Concepcion

#106 = Maypu
“The rivers which flow in these valleys ought rather to be called mountain torrents. Their inclination is very great, and their water the colour of mud. The roar which the Maypu made as it rushed over the great rounded fragments was like that of the sea.”

#106 = Climbed the Andes Mountains
“As the evening drew to a close, we reached a singular like plain, called the Valle del Yeso. It was covered a little dry pasture, and we had the pleasant sight of a herd of cattle amidst the surrounding rocky deserts.”

#107= Argentina
March 25th,1835

#108 = Locus attack
March 26th, 1835, “After our two days tedious journey, it was refreshing to in the distance the rows of poplars and willows growing the village and river of Luxan. Shortly before we arrived at this place, we observed to the south a ragged cloud dark reddish brown colour. At first we thought that it smoke from some great fire on the plains, but we soon that it was a swarm of locusts.”

#109 = Mendoza, Argentina
“March 27th. -- We rode on to Mendoza. The country was cultivated, and resembled Chile. This neighbourhood is celebrated for its fruit; and certainly nothing could more flourishing than the vineyards and the orchards figs, peaches, and olives.”

#110 = Puente del Incas, Chile
"April 4th. -- From the Rio de las Vacas to the Puente del Incas, half a day's journey. As there was pasture for the mules, and geology for me, we bivouacked here for the night.”

#111 = Coquimbo, Chile
Darwin arrived at Coquimbo by horse back April14th, 1835. “In the evening talking with the mayor-domo of these mines about the number of foreigners now scattered over whole country, he told me that, though quite a young, he remembers when he was a boy at school at Coquimbo, a holiday being given to see the captain of an English ship...”

“The mines are now in bad state, though they formerly yielded about 2000 in weight of silver a year. It has been said that “a person with a copper mine will gain; with silver he may gain, with gold he is sure to lose.” This is not true: all the large Chilian fortunes have been made by mines of the precious metals.”

#113 = Chaneral, Chile
“4th. -- Carizal to Sauce We continued to ride over desert plains, tenanted by large herds of guanaco. We crossed also the valley of Chaneral; which, although the most fertile one between Guasco and Coquimbo, is very narrow, and produces so little pasture, that we could not purchase any for our horses.”

#114 = Freyina, Chile
“The next day we crossed some mountains to Freyrina, in the valley of Guasco.”

#115 = Bellenaugh, Chile
“June 8th. -- We rode on to Ballenar, which takes its name Ballenagh in Ireland, the birthplace of the family of O’Higgins, who, under the Spanish government, were presidents and generals in Chile.”

#116 = Copiapo, Chile (another earthquake)
“The next day we reached the valley of Copiapo, I was heartily glad of it; for the whole journey was a continued source of anxiety; it was most disagreeable to hear, whilst eating our own suppers, our horses gnawing the posts to which they were tied, and to have no means of relieving their hunger."/ “ Certainly it did so happen that on the very day of the earthquake, that shower of rain fell, which I have described as in ten days time producing a thin sprinkling of grass.”
Wikipedia on Copiapo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copiap%C3%B3)

#117 = Devastating windstorm
“This night it blew a gale of wind, and the temperature must have been considerably below the freezing point, for water in a vessel soon became a block of ice. No clothes seemed to oppose any obstacle to the air; I suffered very much from the cold, so that I could not sleep, and in the morning rose with my body quite dull and benumbed.”

#118 = Beagle arrived July 2,1835

#119 = Iquique, Chile
“July 12th. -- We anchored in the port of Iquique in lat 20° 12’ on the coast of Peru. The town contains about a thousand inhabitants, and stands on a little plain of sand at the foot of a great wall of rock, 2000 feet in height, here forming the coast.”

#120 = Guantajaya Mines
“At night I slept at the house of the owner of one of the saltpetre mines.”

#121 = Bay of Callo (Lima), Peru
“19th. -- We anchored in the Bay of Callao, the seaport of Lima, the capital of Peru. We stayed here six weeks, the troubled state of public affairs, I saw very little country.”

#122 = Chatman Island, Galapago's Archipelago
“In the morning (17th) we landed on Chatham Island, which, like the others, rises with a tame and rounded outline, broken here and there by scattered hillocks, the remains of former craters.”

Geographical Distribution of the Galapagos Archipelago
Book: The Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin, Chapter XIII
"The really surprising fact in this case of the Galapagos Archipelago, and in a lesser degree in some analogous cases, is that each new species after being formed in any one island, did not spread quickly to the other islands. But the islands, though in sight of each other, are separated by deep arms of the sea, in most cases wider than the British Channel, and there is no reason to suppose that they have at any former period been continuously united. The currents of the sea are rapid and deep between the islands, and gales of wind are extraordinarily rare; so that the islands are far more effectually separated from each other than they appear on a map. Nevertheless, some of the species, both of those found in other parts of the world and of those confined to the archipelago, are common to the several islands; and we may infer from the present manner of distribution that they have spread from one island to the others. But we often take, I think, an erroneous view of the probability of closely allied species invading each other's territory, when put into free intercommunication. Undoubtedly, if one species has any advantage over another, it will in a very brief time wholly or in part supplant it; but if both are equally well fitted for their own places, both will probably hold their separate places for almost any length of time. Being familiar with the fact that many species, naturalised through man's agency, have spread with astonishing rapidity over wide areas, we are apt to infer that most species would thus spread; but we should remember that the species which become naturalised in new countries are not generally closely allied to the aboriginal inhabitants, but are very distinct forms, belonging in a large proportion of cases, as shown by Alph. de Candolle, to distinct genera. In the Galapagos Archipelago, many even of the birds, though so well adapted for flying from island to island, differ on the different islands; thus there are three closely allied species of mocking-thrush, each confined to its own island. Now let us suppose the mocking-thrush of Chatham Island to be blown to Charles Island, which has its own mocking-thrush; why should it succeed in establishing itself there? We may safely infer that Charles Island is well stocked with its own species, for annually more eggs are laid and young birds hatched than can possibly be reared; and we may infer that the mocking-thrush peculiar to Charles Island is at least as well fitted for its home as is the species peculiar to Chatham Island. Sir C. Lyell and Mr. Wollaston have communicated to me a remarkable fact bearing on this subject; namely, that Madeira and the adjoining islet of Porto Santo possess many distinct but representative species of land-shells, some of which live in crevices of stone; and although large quantities of stone are annually transported from Porto Santo to Madeira, yet this latter island has not become colonised by the Porto Santo species: nevertheless, both islands have been colonised by some European land-shells, which no doubt had some advantage over the indigenous species. From these considerations I think we need not greatly marvel at the endemic species which inhabit the several islands of the Galapagos Archipelago not having all spread from island to island. On the same continent, also, pre-occupation has probably played an important part in checking the commingling of the species which inhabit different districts with nearly the same physical conditions. Thus, the south-east and south-west corners of Australia have nearly the same physical conditions, and are united by continuous land, yet they are inhabited by a vast number of distinct mammals, birds, and plants; so it is, according to Mr. Bates, with the butterflies and other animals inhabiting the great, open, and continuous valley of the Amazons."

Images of the four mocking-thrush discovered at the Galapagos Archipelago
Souce: Darwin's Second Voyage of the Beagle

#123 = Charles Island, Galapago's Archipelago
“23rd . -- The Beagle proceeded to Charles Island.”

#124 = Albemarle and Marborough Islands, Galapago's Archipelago
“September 29th.—We doubled the south-west extremity of Albemarle Island, and the next day were nearly becalmed between it and Narborough Island.”

#125 = James and Indeflatigable Islands, Galapago's Archipelago
“October 8th. -- We arrived at James Island: this island as well as Charles Island, were long since thus named after our of the Stuart line.”

#126 = Tahiti
November 15, 1835, Point Venus. “November 15th. -- At daylight, Tahiti, an island which must remain classical to the voyager in the South Sea, was in view.”

#127 = Valley of Tiaauru, Tahiti?
“Our line of march was the valley of Tia-Auru, down which a river flows into the sea by Point Venus. This is one of the principal streams in the island, and its source lies at the base of the loftiest central pinnacles, which rise to a height of about 7000 feet."

#128 = Papawa, Tahiti
November 20th, 1835. “I found that the ship, on account of the difficulty in watering, had moved to the harbour of Papawa, to which place I immediately walked.”

#129 = Bay of Islands, New Zealand
“December 21st. -- Early in the morning we entered the Bay of Islands, and being becalmed for some hours near the mouth, we did not reach the anchorage till the middle of the day.”

#130 = Pahia, New Zealand
“At Pahia, it was quite pleasing to behold the English flowers in the gardens before the houses; there were roses of several kinds,honeysuckle, jasmine, stocks, and whole hedges of sweetbrier.”

#131 = Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia
“JANUARY 12th, 1836. -- Early in the morning a light air carried us towards the entrance of Port Jackson.”

Variation Under Domestication: Lack of Conscious Selection in cultivation in Australia
Book: The Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin, Chapter I
"If it has taken centuries or thousands of years to improve or modify most of our plants up to their present standard of usefulness to man, we can understand how it is that neither Australia, the Cape of Good Hope, nor any other region inhabited by quite uncivilised man, has afforded us a single plant worth culture. It is not that these countries, so rich in species, do not by a strange chance possess the aboriginal stocks of any useful plants, but that the native plants have not been improved by continued selection up to a standard of perfection comparable with that acquired by the plants in countries anciently civilised."

#132 = Emu Ferry, Australia
“17th. -- Early in the morning we passed the Nepean in a boat. The river, although at this spot both very deep, had a small body of running water.”

#133 = Blackheath, Australia
Voyageof the Beagle / Page 461
"In the evening we reached the Blackheath."

#134 = Govett's Leap, Australia
“18th. -- Very early in the morning I walked about three miles to see Govett's Leap; a view of a similar character with that near the Weatherboard, but perhaps even more stupendous.”

#135 = Mount Victoria, Australia
“Soon after leaving the Blackheath, we descended from the sandstone platform by the pass of Mount Victoria.”

#136 = Hassan's Walls, Australia
Kangaroo hunting. “At Hassan's Walls, I left the high road, and made a short detour to a farm called Walerawang; to the superintendent of which I had a letter of introduction from the owner in Sydney.”

#137 = Bathurst, Australia
January 20th, 1836. “I hired a man and two horses to take me to Bathurst, a village about one hundred and twenty miles in the interior, and the centre of a great pastoral district.”

Natural Selection: Isolation
Book: The Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin, Chapter IV
"Isolation, also, is an important element in the modification of species through natural selection. In a confined or isolated area, if not very large, the organic and inorganic conditions of life will generally be almost uniform; so that natural selection will tend to modify all the varying individuals of the same species in the same manner. Intercrossing with the inhabitants of the surrounding districts, will also be thus prevented. Moritz Wagner has lately published an interesting essay on this subject, and has shown that the service rendered by isolation in preventing crosses between newly-formed varieties is probably greater even than I supposed. But from reasons already assigned I can by no means agree with this naturalist, that migration and isolation are necessary elements for the formation of new species. The importance of isolation is likewise great in preventing, after any physical change in the conditions, such as of climate, elevation of the land, &c., the immigration of better adapted organisms; and thus new places in the natural economy of the district will be left open to be filled up by the modification of the old inhabitants. Lastly, isolation will give time for a new variety to be improved at a slow rate; and this may sometimes be of much importance. If, however, an isolated area be very small, either from being surrounded by barriers, or from having very peculiar physical conditions, the total number of the inhabitants will be small; and this will retard the production of new species through natural selection, by decreasing the chances of favourable variations arising."

#138 = Hobart Town in Van Diemen's Land, Australia
“20th. -- The Beagle sailed for Hobart Town in Van Diemen's Land.”

#139 = King George's Sound
February 7th. -- The Beagle sailed from Tasmania, and, on the 6th of the month of the ensuing month, reached King George's Sound, situated close to the S.W. corner of Australia.

#140 = Keeling (Cocoa) Island
“APRIL 1st. -- We arrived in view of the Keeling or Cocos Islands situated in the Indian Ocean, and about six hundred miles distant from the coast of Sumatra.”

Difficulties in Theory: More on Organs of extreme Perfection and Complication
Book: The Origins of Species, by Charles Darwin, Chapter VII
"Now look at the Galeopithecus or so-called flying lemur, which was formerly ranked among bats, but is now believed to belong to the Insectivora. An extremely wide flank-membrane stretches from the corners of the jaw to the tail, and includes the limbs with the elongated fingers. This flank- membrane is furnished with an extensor muscle. Although no graduated links of structure, fitted for gliding through the air, now connect the Galeopithecus with the other Insectivora, yet there is no difficulty in supposing that such links formerly existed, and that each was developed in the same manner as with the less perfectly gliding squirrels; each grade of structure having been useful to its possessor. Nor can I see any insuperable difficulty in further believing it possible that the membrane-connected fingers and fore-arm of the Galeopithecus might have been greatly lengthened by natural selection; and this, as far as the organs of flight are concerned, would have converted the animal into a bat. In certain bats in which the wing-membrane extends from the top of the shoulder to the tail and includes the hind-legs, we perhaps see traces of an apparatus originally fitted for gliding through the air rather than for flight."

#141 = Direction Island
“The next morning after anchoring, I went on shore on Direction Island. The strip of dry land is only a few yards in width; on the lagoon side there is a white calcareous beach, the radiation from which under this sultry climate was very oppressive; and on the outer coast, a broad flat of coral-rock served to break the violence of sea.”

#142 = Port Louis, Mauritius
“APRIL 29th. -- In the morning we passed round the northern end of Mauritius, or the Isle of France.”

#143 = Cape Town, South Africa
“May 9th. -- We sailed from Port Louis and calling at the Cape of Good Hope, on the 8th of July, we arrived off S.t Helena.”

Variation Under Domestication: Lack of Conscious Selection in cultivation at the Cape of Good Hope
"If it has taken centuries or thousands of years to improve or modify most of our plants up to their present standard of usefulness to man, we can understand how it is that neither Australia, the Cape of Good Hope, nor any other region inhabited by quite uncivilised man, has afforded us a single plant worth culture. It is not that these countries, so rich in species, do not by a strange chance possess the aboriginal stocks of any useful plants, but that the native plants have not been improved by continued selection up to a standard of perfection comparable with that acquired by the plants in countries anciently civilised."

#144 = St. Helena Island
“May 9th. -- We sailed from Port Louis and calling at the Cape of Good Hope, on the 8th of July, we arrived off S.t Helena.”

#145 = Ascension Island
“On the 19th of July we reached Ascension.”

#146 = Return trip to Bahia, Brazil
On leaving Ascension, we sailed for Bahia, on the coast of Brazil, in order to complete the chronometrical measurement of the world.

#147 = Azores
"On the last day of August we anchored for the at Porto Praya in the Cape de Verd archipelago; proceeded to the Azores where we stayed six days."

#148 = Falmouth
October 2, 1836.

Check out The Charles Darwin Trust
Check out The Charles Darwin Trust (http://www.charlesdarwintrust.org/) for educational programs about Charles Darwin.