ClimateViewer and MyReadingMapped™ Credits
Created: December 1, 2012
Last Updated: November 21, 2018
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This map by George Stiller and Jim Lee is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Based on a work at climateviewer.org. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at climateviewer.com/terms.

Why this map is based on 2013 politics.
Please excuse my inability to keep this map as updated as I would like it to be.
Originally this map did not have descriptions embedded in this map. Instead it simply linked to descriptions on Wikipedia to keep it current and accurate. However, that made this map difficult to use, so I updated it with concise descriptions from Wikipedia. Doing this now requires a lot of work maintaining it's accuracy due the constant change of politics worldwide. Which I am unable to do satisfactory.

The order in which these Republics appear is based on date.

How these Republics were determined
The Republics plotted in this map were determined from Wikipedia's List of Republics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_republics).

What is a Republic?
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic)
A republic is a form of government in which power is held by the people and the representatives they elect,[1] and affairs of state are a "public matter" (from Latin: res publica), rather than privately accommodated (such as through inheritance or divine mandate). In modern times the definition of a republic is also commonly limited to a government which excludes a monarch.[2][1] Currently, 135 of the world's 206 sovereign states use the word "republic" as part of their official names.
However, as you will see from reading the following Republic placemarks and the problems and troubles of many of them, almost any form of government can hide within the frame work of a Republic, including the United States.

Is a Republic a Democracy?
Yes and No. According to Wikipedia, a democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens participate equally—either directly or through elected representatives—in the proposal, development, and creation of laws. It encompasses social, economic and cultural conditions that enable the free and equal practice of political self-determination.
However, in my opinion as a former middle-of-the-road elected common councilman, this process creates an elite elected-meritocracy that takes on a life of it's own and decides which of the many differing opinions there are in the electorate to give importance and priority. As a result it is susceptible to corruption, bribery, lobbying and the influence of a corporate oligarchy that feeds off of government. And, can enable a minority of the population to control the majority of the population.
In reality, what we have is a Republic with Democratic principles that puts the power in the hands of a minority of politically-influential and wealthy individuals. Yet, this is the closest we will ever get to self-determination in a society where our livelihood is no longer that of a self-sufficient 1776 colonial farmer and is now dependent on employment by those who hold the real power in a modern Republic.

What are the bad things about Republic forms of government?
- As the case studies in this map will indicate, power and money are a corrupting force no matter what form of government you have.
- Despite the fact that our governing officials are supposed to be representatives of the electorate, once in power the elected officials respond more to the needs of their corporate sponsors -- who funded their campaigns -- than they do to the needs of the people they govern. Thus a hidden corporate oligarchy rules within a representative republic.
- That portion of the political spectrum that elected these public officials represent only one faction of the people the governing body is supposed to govern fairly and equally. But it never seems to turn out fair and equal. One faction, the one that elected the official, always benefits at the expense of the others.
- Many republics prefer a hands-off free-market economy. Yet within that free-market economy a great many corporations profit from their ties with and intervening in government either by creating legislation, regulations or deregulation to their benefit, tax breaks, government subsidies, research grants, or doing business with various government agencies. Thus, unlike the separation of church and state in the U.S., you cannot separate the corporate interests from governing in a Republic governed by an elite elected body who are basically owned by their corporate sponsors.
- When things get out of hand, the economy turns into a plutonomy and there develops a greater separation of wealth between the common man or woman and the wealthy elite who can increase their power through political campaign funding.

What are the good things about a Republic?
As these case studies in this map will indicate, a lot of the very things that make a Republic bad are what make it good. As long as they are kept in balance and the people at all economic levels benefit and remain in control of their government.
- Republics are good when the governing body treats the needs of all the people fairly and equally.
- Republics are good when business and government work together for the good of the economy and the middle class.
- Republics are good when the various political factions can compromise and work together for a common goal that is fair and just for all.

So what is so troubling about Republics
There is a growing worldwide divide growing where no faction seems to be able to share governing with other factions and be able to compromise for the benefit of all. That is why they choose a Republic form of government rather than a pure democracy. But the very nature of politics in a Republic creates an elite governing body that can sell its influence and power to the highest bidder.
- What seems to be developing are utopias designed to benefit the perceived purer community of extremists.
- Where one group claims they are oppressed by government restrictions and regulation, yet will use government to restrict and regulate others to achieve the goal of the self perceived oppress utopians.
- You can see it in the Middle East conflict between Israel and Palestine, you can see it in how Iraq is so divided they cannot form a reasonable government, you can see it in how the U.S. Congress is so stalemated it cannot agree on anything and resulted in a government shutdown of what they perceive is the greatest form of government.
- The misperceptions by both Americans and those overseas about the effectiveness of the U.S. version of a Republic. Americans perceive their chaotic system should work as well as it does worldwide when it cannot considering other cultural factors overseas without adapting to those cultural factors. American's blindly and patriotically think their government is the best in the world despite its chaotic nature and that it should be forced on other countries even if it means going to war to achieve it.

The 16-Day 2013 U.S. Government Shutdown: A leading republic deep in trouble.
Democracy of Chaos: Places affected by the 2013 U.S. Government shutdown.

Arab Republics
Wikipedia List of Arab Republics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Republic

Confederal Republics
Wikipedia List of Confederal Republics:
Confederal republics are associations of sovereign states, usually having power over critical common issues such as defense and foreign affairs:

Federal Republics
Wikipedia List of Federal Republics:
Federal republics are federal states in which the administrative divisions (states or provinces) theoretically retain a degree of autonomy which is constitutionally protected, and cannot be revoked unilaterally by the national government.

Islamic Republics
Wikipedia List of Islamic Republics:
Republics governed in accordance with Islamic law.

People's Republics
Wikipedia List of People's Republics:
Meant to be governed by the people, this name is most often (but not always) used by communist states.

Socialist Republics
Wikipedia List of Socialist Republics
These are republics that use the word "socialist" in their official name.

Unitary Republics
Wikipedia List of Unitary Republics
Unitary republics are unitary states which are governed constitutionally as one single unit, with a single constitutionally created legislature.

Other Interactive Maps on History
Try one of the many other Interactive Maps of Explorers and Historic Events at MyReadingMapped. http://climateviewer.org/myreadingmapped/

Roman Republic
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic)
The Roman Republic (Latin: Res Pvblica Romana) was the period of the ancient Roman civilization when the government operated as a republic. It began with the overthrow of the Roman monarchy, traditionally dated around 509 BC, and its replacement by a government headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and advised by asenate. A complex constitution gradually developed, centered on the principles of a separation of powers and checks and balances. Except in times of dire national emergency, public offices were limited to one year, so that, in theory at least, no single individual wielded absolute power over his fellow citizens.

The Licchavis
Wikipedia
Only scattered reports of the Licchavi government system survive. The introductory portions of the Cullakalinga Jātaka and the Ekapaṇṇa Jātaka mention the Licchavi as having 7,707Rājās. The number is one of convention, and unlikely to have been exact. It does demonstrate that Licchavi, unlike most of its neighbours, was not an absolute monarchy. Ultimate authority rested with the 7,707 raja who met each year to elect one of their member as ruler and a council of nine to assist him. It was far from a democracy as only a small portion of the Licchavi population qualified to vote. Those with raja status were only the male heads of households who belonged to the kshatriya varna.[7]

Mahajanapada
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajanapadas)
Mahājanapada (Sanskrit: महाजनपद, Mahājanapada, literally "great realm" from maha, "great", and janapada "foothold of a tribe", "country") refers to ancient Indian kingdoms that existed between the sixth and third centuries BCE. Ancient Buddhist texts like Anguttara Nikaya[1] make frequent reference to sixteen great kingdoms and republics (Solas Mahajanapadas) which had evolved and flourished in a belt stretching from Gandhara in the northwest to Anga in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent and included parts of the trans-Vindhyan region,[2] prior to the rise of Buddhism in India.[3] The sixth century BC is often regarded as a major turning point in early Indian history.

Republic of San Marino
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marino)
San Marino claims to be the oldest surviving sovereign state and constitutional republic in the world, as the continuation of the monastic community founded on 3 September 301, by stonecutter Marinus of Arba. Legend has it that Marinus left Rab, then the Roman colony of Arba, in 257 when the future emperor, Diocletian, issued a decree calling for the reconstruction of the city walls of Rimini, which had been destroyed by Liburnian pirates.

Republic of Amalfi
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Amalfi)
The Duchy of Amalfi (Italian: Ducato di Amalfi) or the Republic of Amalfi (Italian: Repubblica di Amalfi) was a de facto independent state centred on the Southern Italian city ofAmalfi during the 10th and 11th centuries. The city and its territory were originally part of the larger ducatus Neapolitanus, governed by a patrician, but it extracted itself fromByzantine vassalage and first elected a duke in 958. It rose to become an economic powerhouse, a commercial centre whose merchants dominated Mediterranean and Italiantrade for a century before being surpassed and superseded by the other maritime republics of the North, like Pisa, Venice, and Genoa. In 1073, Amalfi lost its independence and fell to the Normans, from whose yoke it failed in two separate attempts to free itself.

Republic of Venice
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice)
The Republic of Venice (Italian: Repubblica di Venezia, was a state originating from the city of Venice in Northeastern Italy. It existed for over a millennium, from the late 7th century until 1797. Despite its long history of war and conquest, the Republic's modern reputation is chiefly based on its status as an economic and trading power.

Icelandic Commonwealth
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_Commonwealth)
The Icelandic Commonwealth, Icelandic Free State, or Republic of Iceland[1] (Icelandic: Þjóðveldið) was the state existing in Iceland between the establishment of the Althingin 930 and the pledge of fealty to the Norwegian king with the Old Covenant in 1262. With the possible exception of Papar, Iceland was an uninhabited island until around 870, when immigrants fleeing from the unification of Norway under King Harald Fairhair began the Norse settlement in Iceland.

Republic of Pisa
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa)
The Republic of Pisa was a de facto independent state centered on the Tuscan city of Pisa during the late 10th and 11th centuries. It rose to become an economic powerhouse, a commercial center whose merchants dominated Mediterranean and Italian trade for a century before being surpassed and superseded by Genoa. The power of Pisa as a mighty maritime nation began to grow and reached its apex in the 11th century when it acquired traditional fame as one of the four main historical Maritime Republics of Italy.

Republic of Genoa
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa)
The Most Serene Republic of Genoa (Italian: Repubblica di Genova, Ligurian: Repúbrica de Zêna) was an independent state from 1005 to 1797 in Liguria on the northwesternItalian coast, as well as Corsica from 1347 to 1768, and numerous other territories throughout the Mediterranean.
It began when Genoa became a self-governing commune within the Regnum Italicum, and ended when it was conquered by French First Republic under Napoleon and replaced with the Ligurian Republic. Corsica was ceded in the Treaty of Versailles of 1768. The Ligurian Republic was annexed by the First French Empire in 1805, and its restoration was briefly proclaimed in 1814 following the defeat of Napoleon, but was ultimately annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815.

Republic of Florence
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Florence)
The republic was founded in 1115, when the Florentine people rebelled against the Margraviate of Tuscany upon Margravine Matilda's death. The Florentines formed a commune in Matilda's place.[1] The republic was ruled by a council, known as the signoria. The signoria was chosen by the gonfaloniere (titular ruler of the city), who was elected every two months by Florentine guild members.

Novgorod Republic
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_Republic)
The Novgorod Republic (Russian: Новгоро́дская респу́блика, tr. Novgorodskaja respublika, IPA: [nəvgɐˈrotskəjə rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə]; Old Church Slavonic: Новгородскаѧ земьлѧ /Novgorodskaja zemľa) was a large medieval Russian state which stretched from the Baltic Sea to the northern Ural Mountains between the 12th and 15th centuries, which included the city of Novgorod and the Lake Ladoga regions. Citizens referred to their city-state as "His Majesty (or Sovereign) Lord Novgorod the Great" (Gosudař Gospodin Velikij Novgorod), or more often as "Lord Novgorod the Great" (Gospodin Velikij Novgorod). The Republic prospered as the easternmost port of the Hanseatic League.

Commune of Rome
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_of_Rome)
The Commune of Rome (Italian: Comune di Roma) was an attempt to establish a government like the old Roman Republic in opposition to the temporal power of the higher nobles and the popes beginning in 1144. The revolutionaries set up a senate on the lines of the ancient one and divided Rome into fourteen regions, each electing four senators for a total of 56 (though one source[which?], often repeated, gives a total of 50). These senators, the first real senators since the 7th century (the senatorial title had become a meaningless adjunct title of nobility by then), elected as their leader Giordano Pierleoni, son of the Roman consul Pier Leoni with the title patrician, because consulwas also a deprecated noble styling.

Republic of Lucca
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca)
The Republic of Lucca was a historic state of Italy, which lasted from 1160 to 1805 on the central Italian peninsula.

Republic of Siena
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Siena)
The Republic of Siena (Italian: Repubblica di Siena) was a state originating from the city of Siena in Tuscany, central Italy.
It existed for over four hundred years, from the late 11th century until the year 1555. At the Italian War, the republic was defeated by the rival Duchy of Florence in alliance with the Spanish crown. After 18 months of resistance, Republic of Siena surrendered to Spain on 17 April 1555, marking the end of the republic.

Republic of Ragusa or Republic of Dubrovnik
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa)
The Republic of Ragusa, or Republic of Dubrovnik,[2][3] was a maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik (Ragusa in Italian and Latin) in Dalmatia (today in southernmost modern Croatia), that existed from 1358 to 1808. It reached its commercial peak in the 15th and the 16th centuries, under the protection of the Ottoman Empire, before being conquered by Napoleon's French Empire in 1808. It had a population of about 30,000 people, of whom 5,000 lived within the city walls.[4] It had the motto Non bene pro toto libertas venditur auro (Latin for "Liberty is not well sold for all the gold").[5]

Pskov Republic
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pskov_Republic)
Pskov, known at various times as the Principality of Pskov (Russian: Псковское княжество, Pskovskoye knyazhestvo) or the Pskov Republic (Russian: Псковская Республика, Pskovskaya Respublika), was a medieval state on the south shore of Lake Pskov. The capital city, also named Pskov, was located at the southern end of thePeipus–Pskov Lake system at the southeast corner of Ugandi, about 150 miles (240 km) southwest of Nevanlinna, and 100 miles (160 km) west-southwest of Great Novgorod. It was originally known as Pleskov, and is now roughly equivalent geographically to the Pskov Oblast of Russia. It was a principality 862–1230s and then joined to Novgorod Republic. From 1348 Pleskov became again independent from Novgorod and established an aristocratic oligarchy.

Republic of Cospaia
Wikpedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Cospaia)
Cospaia was a small republic in Italy, located in northern Umbria, independent from 1440 to 1826. It unexpectedly gained independence in 1440 after Pope Eugene IV, embroiled in a struggle with the Council of Basel, made a sale of territory to the Republic of Florence. By error, a small strip of land went unmentioned in the sale treaty and its inhabitants promptly declared themselves independent. An early centre in Italy for tobacco production, Cospaia eventually deteriorated into a mere smugglers' state which, in 1826, was divided between Tuscany and the Papal States.

Ambrosian Republic
Wikpedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosian_Republic)
The Golden Ambrosian Republic (Italian: Aurea Repubblica Ambrosiana; 1447–1450) was a short-lived government founded in Milan by members of the University of Paviawith popular support. With the aid of Francesco Sforza they held out against the forces of Venice, but after a betrayal Sforza defected and captured Milan to become Duke himself, abolishing the Republic.

Zaporizhian Sich
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhian_Sich)
Zaporizhian Sich (Ukrainian: Запорізька Січ, Zaporiz'ka Sich) was a historical territory that existed between the 16th and 18th centuries, the center of which was located in the region around today's Kakhovka Reservoir. The region stretches across the lower Dnieper river. At one point the area was a condominium of both the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Empire. Soon after the colonization of Sich by the Russian Empire with South Slavs and Moldavians (see New Serbia), the Sich was liquidated.[clarification needed] With the liquidation the area became part of the Novorossia.

Dutch Republic
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic)
The Dutch Republic—officially known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), the Republic of the United Netherlands, or the Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën)—was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, to 1795. It preceded the Batavian Republic, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinciën), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation(Belgica Foederata).

Republic of Salé
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9)
The Republic of Salé was an independent corsair city-state on the Moroccan coast. It was a major piratical port[3] during its brief existence in the 17th century.

Goust
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goust#History)
Goust is a hamlet in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department of southwestern France. It was never formally annexed by France, so even as late as the 19th century, visitors described it as an independent republic.[1] Noted for its centenarians, one pensioner was reported to have reached the age of 123,[2][3] although this is unconfirmed.

Cossack Hetmanate
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate)
The Hetmanate consisted of the territory of modern-day central Ukraine and a small part of Russia (former Starodub region of Chernigov Governorate). Specifically, its territory included provinces of Chernihiv, Poltava, and Sumy (without the southeastern portion), the left-bank territories of Kiev and Cherkasy, as well as the western portion of Bryansk Oblast of Russia. The lands of the Zaporizhian Host had a certain degree of self-government with its own administration.

Commonwealth of England
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England)
The Commonwealth, or Commonwealth of England, was the period from 1649 onwards when England, along later with Ireland and Scotland,[1] was ruled as a republic following the end of the Second English Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I. The republic's existence was initially declared through "An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth",[2] adopted by the Rump Parliament on 19 May 1649. Power in the early Commonwealth was vested primarily in the Parliament and a Council of State. During the period, fighting continued, particularly in Ireland and Scotland, between the parliamentary forces and those opposed to them, as part of what is now referred to as the Third English Civil War.

Corsican Republic
Wikipedia
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsican_Republic)
In November 1755, Pasquale Paoli proclaimed Corsica a sovereign nation, the Corsican Republic, independent from the Republic of Genoa. He created the Corsican Constitution, which was the first constitution written in Italian under Enlightenment principles, including the first implementation of female suffrage, later revoked by the French when they took over the island in 1769. The republic created an administration and justice system, and founded an army.

Helvetic Republic
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvetic_Republic)
In Swiss history, the Helvetic Republic (1798–1803) represented an early attempt to impose a central authority over Switzerland, which until then consisted mainly of self-governing cantons united by a loose military alliance, and conquered territories such as Vaud. Its name was taken from the Helvetian people.

United States of America
Wikipedia
The federal government is composed of three branches:
- Legislative: The bicameral Congress, made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives, makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse,[226] and has the power of impeachment, by which it can remove sitting members of the government.[227]
- Executive: The president is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before they become law (subject to Congressional override), and appoints the members of the Cabinet (subject to Senate approval) and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.[228]
- Judicial: The Supreme Court and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the president with Senate approval, interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional.

Vermont Republic
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Republic)
The term Vermont Republic has been used by later historians[1] for the government of what became modern Vermont from 1777 to 1791. In July 1777, partly in response to the Westminster massacre, delegates from 28 towns met and declared independence from jurisdictions and land claims of British colonies in New Hampshire and New York.

First French Republic
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Republic)
In the history of France, the First Republic, officially the French Republic (French: République française), was founded on 22 September 1792, by the newly establishedNational Convention. The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First French Empire in 1804 under Napoleon I. This period was characterized by the fall of themonarchy, the establishment of the National Convention and the infamous Reign of Terror, the founding of the Directory and the Thermidorian Reaction, and finally, the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon’s rise to power.

Cisalpine Republic
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic)
The Cisalpine Republic (Italian: Repubblica Cisalpina) was a French client republic in Northern Italy that lasted from 1797 to 1802.

Confederate States of America
history.com
Formed in February 1861, the Confederate States of America was a republic composed of eleven Southern states that seceded from the Union in order to preserve slavery, states' rights, and political liberty for whites.
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(In this case, the power was in the hands of a meritocracy of aristocratic plantation owners.)

Italian Republic
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Republic)
Italy i/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica italiana),[7][8][9][10] is a unitary parliamentary republic in Southern Europe.

Swiss Confederation
The Swiss Confederation (Latin:Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a federal parliamentary republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities.

Republic of Haiti
Haiti i/ˈheɪti/ (French: Haïti [a.iti]; Haitian Creole Ayiti [ajiti]), officially the Republic of Haiti (République d'Haïti; Repiblik Ayiti[6]), is a Caribbean country. It occupies the western, smaller portion of the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antillean archipelago, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Ayiti ("land of high mountains") was the indigenousTaíno name for the island.

West Florida
The United States and Spain held long, inconclusive negotiations on the status of West Florida. In the meantime, American settlers established a foothold in the area and resisted Spanish control. British settlers, who had remained, also resented Spanish rule, leading to a rebellion in 1810 and the establishment for exactly 90 days of the Republic of West Florida.

Paraguay
Paraguay is a representative democratic republic, with a multi-party system and separation of powers in three branches. Executive power is exercised solely by the President, who is head of state and head of government.Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of the National Congress. The judiciary is vested on tribunals and Courts of Civil Law and a nine-member Supreme Court of Justice, all of them independent of the executive and the legislature.

Free City of Krakow
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Krakow)
The Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of Kraków[1] (Cracow) with its Territory (Polish: Wolne, Niepodległe i Ściśle Neutralne Miasto Kraków z Okręgiem), more commonly known as either the Free City of Kraków or Republic of Kraków (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Krakowska, German: Republik Krakau), was a city-state created by theCongress of Vienna in 1815, and controlled by its three neighbours (Russia, Prussia, and Austria). It was a center of agitation for an independent Poland. In 1846, in the aftermath of the unsuccessful Kraków Uprising it was annexed by the Austrian Empire.[2] It was a remnant of the Duchy of Warsaw, which was partitioned between the three states in 1815.

Argentina
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina#Government)
Argentina is a federal constitutional republic and representative democracy.[75] The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the Constitution of Argentina, the country's supreme legal document. The seat of government is the city of Buenos Aires, as designated by Congress.[76] Suffrage is universal, equal, secret and mandatory.[77][O]

Chile
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile#Government_and_politics)
The Congress of Chile has a 38-seat Senate and a 120-member Chamber of Deputies. Senators serve for eight years with staggered terms, while deputies are elected every 4 years. The current Senate has a 20–18 split in favor of the opposition coalition. The last congressional elections were held on 13 December 2009, concurrently with the presidential election. The current lower house-the Chamber of Deputies-contains 58 members of the governing center-right coalition, 54 from the center-left opposition and 8 from small parties or independents.

Colombia
Colombia is divided into 32 departments and one capital district, which is treated as a department (Bogotá also serves as the capital of the department of Cundinamarca). Departments are subdivided into municipalities, each of which is assigned a municipal seat, and municipalities are in turn subdivided into corregimientos. Each department has a local government with a governor and assembly directly elected to four-year terms. Each municipality is headed by a mayor and council, and each corregimiento by an elected corregidor, or local leader.
In addition to the capital nine other cities have been designated districts (in effect special municipalities), on the basis of special distinguishing features.

Costa Rica
Costa Rica is composed of seven provinces, which in turn are divided into 81 cantons (Spanish: cantón, plural cantones), each of which is directed by a mayor. Mayors are chosen democratically every four years by each canton's people. There are no provincial legislatures. The cantons are further divided into 473 districts (distritos).

Guatemala
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala#Political_system)
Guatemala is a constitutional democratic republic whereby the President of Guatemala is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Congress of the Republic. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
Otto Pérez Molina is the current President of Guatemala.

Honduras
Honduras has five registered political parties: National Party (Partido Nacional de Honduras: PNH); Liberal Party (Partido Liberal de Honduras: PLH); Social Democrats (Partido Innovación y Unidad-Social Demócrata: PINU-SD), Social Christians (Partido Demócrata-Cristiano de Honduras: DCH); and Democratic Unification (Partido Unificación Democrática: UD). PNH and PLH have ruled the country for decades. In the last years,

Nicaragua
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua#Government)
Politics of Nicaragua takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Nicaragua is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
Between 2007 and 2009, Nicaragua's major political parties discussed the possibility of going from a presidential system to a parliamentary system. Their reason: there would be a clear differentiation between the head of government (Prime Minister) and the head of state (President). Nevertheless, it was later argued that the true reason behind this proposal was to find a legal way for current President Ortega to stay in power after January 2012 (this is when his second and last government period ends).

Liberia
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia#Politics)
The government of Liberia, modeled on the government of the United States, is a unitary constitutional republic and representative democracy as established by the Constitution. The government has three co-equal branches of government: the executive, headed by the president; the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Legislature of Liberia; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and several lower courts.

Federal Republic of Central America
The Federal Republic of Central America, known as the United Provinces of Central America in its first year of creation, was a sovereign state in Central America, which consisted of the territories of the former Captaincy General of Guatemala of New Spain. It existed from September 1821 to 1841, and was a republican democracy.

Mexico
The United Mexican States are a federation whose government is representative, democratic and republican based on a presidential system according to the 1917 Constitution. The constitution establishes three levels of government: the federal Union, the state governments and the municipal governments. According to the constitution, all constituent states of the federation must have a republican form of government composed of three branches: the executive, represented by a governor and an appointed cabinet, the legislative branch constituted by a unicameral congress and the judiciary, which will include called state Supreme Court of Justice. They also have their own civil and judicial codes.

Peru
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru#Government)
Peru is a presidential representative democratic republic with a multi-party system. Under the current constitution, the President is the head of state and government; he or she is elected for five years and can only seek re-election after standing down for at least one full term and during his term.[34] The President designates the Prime Minister and, with his advice, the rest of the Council of Ministers.[35] Congress is unicameral with 130 members elected for a five-year term.[36] Bills may be proposed by either the executive or the legislative branch; they become law after being passed by Congress and promulgated by the President.[37] The judiciary is nominally independent,[38] though political intervention into judicial matters has been common throughout history and arguably continues today.[39]

Bolivia
Bolivia has been governed by democratically elected governments since 1982, when a long string of military coups came to an end. Presidents Hernán Siles Zuazo (1982–85) andVíctor Paz Estenssoro (1985–89) began a tradition of ceding power peacefully which has continued, although two presidents have stepped down in the face of popular protests: Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada in 2003 and Carlos Mesa in 2005. Bolivia's multiparty democracy has seen a wide variety of parties in the presidency and parliament, although the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement, National Democratic Action, and the Revolutionary Left Movement predominated from 1985 to 2005. The current president is Evo Morales, the first indigenous Bolivian to serve as head of state. Morales' Movement for Socialism – Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples party was the first to win an outright presidential majority in four decades, doing so both in 2005 and 2009.

First Hellenic Republic
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic)
The First Hellenic Republic (Greek: Αʹ Ελληνική Δημοκρατία) is a term used to refer to the provisional Greek state during the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire. It is a purely historiographical term, highlighting the constitutional and democratic nature of the revolutionary regime prior to the establishment of the independentKingdom of Greece, and associating this period of Greek history with the later Second and Third republics.

Uruguay
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay#Government)
Uruguay is a representative democratic republic with a presidential system.[35] The members of government are elected for a five-year term by a universal suffrage system.[35] Uruguay is a unitary state: justice, education, health, security, foreign policy and defence are all administered nationwide.[35] The Executive Power is exercised by the president and a cabinet of 13 ministers.[35]
The legislative power is constituted by the General Assembly, composed of two chambers: the Chamber of Deputies, consisting of 99 members representing the 19 departments, elected based on proportional representation; and the Chamber of Senators, consisting of 31 members, 30 of whom are elected for a five-year term by proportional representation and the Vice-President, who presides over the chamber.[35]
The judicial arm is exercised by the Supreme Court, the Bench and Judges nationwide. The members of the Supreme Court are elected by the General Assembly; the members of the Bench are selected by the Supreme Court with the consent of the Senate; and the judges are directly assigned by the Supreme Court.[35]

Venezuela
The president is elected by a plurality vote with direct and universal suffrage for a six year term.[3] A president may be re-elected perpetually (only in consecutive terms) as of 15 February 2009. The president appoints the Vice President.
The National Assembly has 165 seats. Members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms.
The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Tribunal of Justice, which may meet either in specialized chambers (of which there are six) or in plenary session.

Ecuador
The current state of Ecuador consists of five state functions: the Executive Function, the Legislative Function, the Judicial Function, the Electoral Function and the Transparency and Social Control.

Republic of Texas
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Texas)
The Republic of Texas (Spanish: República de Texas) was an independent sovereign nation in North America that existed from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846. It was bordered by the nation of Mexico to the southwest, the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast, the two US states of Louisiana and Arkansas to the east and northeast, and the United States territories encompassing the current US states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico to the north and west. The citizens of the republic were known as Texians.

Second French Republic
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Republic)
The French Second Republic was the republican government of France between the 1848 Revolution and the 1851 coup by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte which initiated theSecond Empire. It officially adopted the motto Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité. The Second Republic witnessed the tension between the "Social and Democratic Republic" (French:la République démocratique et sociale) and a liberal form of Republic, which exploded during the June Days Uprising of 1848.

California Republic
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Republic)
The California Republic (in Spanish "República de California"), also Bear Flag Republic or Bear Republic, refers to a period of revolt by American settlers in the Mexican territory of Alta California against Mexico. Revolt was initially proclaimed in Sonoma on June 14, 1846, before news of the outbreak of the Mexican–American War had reached the area. Although participants declared independence from Mexico, they failed to form a functional provisional government.

Roman Republic
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century))
The Roman Republic was a state declared on February 9, 1849, when the government of Papal States was temporarily replaced by a republican government due to Pope Pius IX's flight to Gaeta. The republic was led by Carlo Armellini, Giuseppe Mazzini and Aurelio Saffi. Together they formed a triumvirate, a reflection of a form of government seen in the ancient Roman Republic.

Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic is a representative democracy or democratic republic,[1][3][17] with three branches of power: executive, legislative, and judicial. The President of the Dominican Republic heads the executive branch and executes laws passed by the Congress, appoints the Cabinet, and is commander in chief of the armed forces. The president and vice-president run for office on the same ticket and are elected by direct vote for 4-year terms. The national legislature is bicameral, composed of a Senate, which has 32 members, and the Chamber of Deputies, with 178 members.[17] Judicial authority rests with the Supreme Court of Justice's 16 members. They are appointed by a council composed of the President, the leaders of both houses of Congress, the President of the Supreme Court, and an opposition or non–governing-party member. The Court "alone hears actions against the president, designated members of his Cabinet, and members of Congress when the legislature is in session."[17]

Republic of Ezo
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ezo)
The Republic of Ezo (蝦夷共和国 Ezo Kyōwakoku?) was a short-lived state established by former Tokugawa retainers in what is now known as Hokkaidō, the large but sparsely populated northernmost island in modern Japan.

Third French Republic
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_French_Republic)
The French Third Republic (French: La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed, to 1940, when France's defeat by Nazi Germany led to the Vichy France government. Vichy was replaced by the French Fourth Republic.

Franceville
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franceville,_New_Hebrides)
On August 9, 1889, Franceville declared itself an independent commune under the leadership of elected mayor/president Ferdinand-Albert Chevillard[4][5][6] and with its own red, white and blue flag with five stars.[7][8]
This community became one of the first self-governing nations in recorded history to practice universal suffrage without distinction of sex or race.[citation needed] Although the district's population at the time consisted of about 500 natives and fewer than 50 whites, only white males were permitted to hold office. One of its elected presidents was one R. D. Polk, a native of Tennessee and relative of James K. Polk.[9][10]

Federative Republic of Brazil
The Brazilian Federation is the "indissoluble union" of the States, the Municipalities and the Federal District.[15] The Union, the states and the Federal District, and the municipalities, are the "spheres of government."
ll members of the executive and legislative branches are directly elected.[162][163][164] Judges and other judicial officials are appointed after passing entry exams.[162] For most of its democratic history, Brazil has had a multi-party system, proportional representation. Voting is compulsory for the literate between 18 and 70 years old and optional for illiterates and those between 16 and 18 or beyond 70.[15]

Republic of Hawaii
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii)
The Republic of Hawaiʻi was the formal name of the government that controlled Hawaiʻi from 1894 to 1898 when it was governed as a republic. The republic period occurred between the administration of the Provisional Government of Hawaii which ended on July 4, 1894, and the adoption of the Newlands Resolution in the United States Congressin which the Republic was annexed to the United States and became the Territory of Hawaii on July 7, 1898.

Republic of Formosa
When the news of the treaty's contents reached Taiwan, a number of notables from central Taiwan led by Chiu Feng-chia (丘逢甲) decided to resist the transfer of Taiwan to Japanese rule. On 23 May, in Taipei, these men declared independence, proclaiming the establishment of a free and democratic Republic of Formosa.

Republic of Biak-na-Bato
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato)
The Republic of Biak-na-Bato (Tagalog: Repúbliká ng̃ Biak-na-Bató, Spanish: República de Biac-na-Bató), officially referred to in its constitution as the Republic of the Philippines (Tagalog: Repúbliká ng̃ Filipinas, Spanish: República de Filipinas), was the first republic ever declared in the Philippines by the revolutionary Emilio Aguinaldoand his fellow members of the Katipunan. Despite its successes, including the establishment of the Philippines' first ever constitution, the republic lasted just over a month. This was after a peace treaty was signed by Aguinaldo and the Spanish Governor-General, Fernando Primo de Rivera, that includes Aguinaldo's exile to Hong Kong.

Republica Filipina
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Filipina#History)
The constitution was approved by delegates to the Assembly of Representatives on January 20, 1899, and sanctioned by Aguinaldo the next day.[3] The convention had earlier elected Aguinaldo president on January 1, 1899, leading to his inauguration on January 23. Parts of the constitution gave Aguinaldo the power to rule by decree. are of particular interest.[Note 3]

Greater Republic of Central America
The Greater Republic of Central America was a short-lived union between Honduras, Nicaragua, and El Salvador, lasting from 1896 to 1898. It was an attempt to revive the failed Federal Republic of Central America from earlier in the century.

Republic of Acre
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Acre)
The Republic of Acre (Portuguese: República do Acre) or the Independent State of Acre (Portuguese: Estado Independente do Acre) were the names of a series of separatist governments in then Bolivia's Acre region between 1899 and 1903. The region was eventually annexed by Brazil in 1903 and is now the state of Acre.

Republic of Yucatán
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Yucat%C3%A1n)
The Republic of Yucatán (Spanish: República de Yucatán) was a sovereign state during two periods of the nineteenth century. The first Republic of Yucatán, founded May 29, 1823, willingly joined the Mexican federation as the Federated Republic of Yucatán on December 23, 1823, less than seven months later.[1][2] The second Republic of Yucatán began in 1841, with its declaration of independence from the Mexican Federation. It remained independent for 7 years, after which it rejoined the Mexican Federation. The area of the former republic includes the modern Mexican states of Yucatán, Campeche and Quintana Roo. The Republic of Yucatán usually refers to the Second Republic (1841–1848).

First Spanish Republic
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic)
The First Spanish Republic (Spanish: Primera República Española) was the political regime that existed in Spain between the parliamentary proclamation on 11 February 1873 and 29 December 1874 when General Arsenio Martínez-Campos's pronunciamento marked the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration in Spain. The Republic's founding started with the abdication as King on 10 February 1873 of Amadeo I, following the Hidalgo Affair, when he had been required by the radical government to sign a decree against the artillery officers. The next day, 11 February the republic was declared by a parliamentary majority made up of radicals, republicans and democrats.

Cuba
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba#Government_and_politics)
The Republic of Cuba is one of the world's remaining socialist states with Communist governments. The Constitution of 1976, which defined Cuba as a socialist republic, was replaced by the Constitution of 1992, which is "guided by the ideas of José Martí and the political and social ideas of Marx, Engels and Lenin."[101] The constitution describes the Communist Party of Cuba as the "leading force of society and of the state".[101]

Panama
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama#Politics)
Panama's politics take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Panama is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

Portugal
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal#Government)
Portugal has been a semi-presidential constitutional republic since the ratification of the Constitution of 1976, with Lisbon, the nation's largest city, as its capital. The constitution grants the division, or separation, of powers among legislative, executive (whereby the President and the Prime Minister share key executive powers), and judicial branches. The four main institutions as described in this constitution are the President of the Republic, the Parliament, known as the Assembleia da República (English: Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)), the Government, headed by a Prime Minister, and the courts.[1]

Finland
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland#Politics)
The Constitution of Finland defines the political system. Finland is a parliamentary democracy, and the prime minister is the country's most powerful politician. The constitution in its current form came into force on 1 March 2000, and was amended on 1 March 2012. Citizens can run and vote in parliamentary, municipal, and presidential elections, and in European Union elections.

Russian Republic
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Republic)
The Russian Republic (Russian: Россiйская республика, tr. Rossiyskaya respublika, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə]) was a short-lived polity that controlled, de jure, the territory of the former Russian Empire after the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II on 15 March [O.S. 2 March] 1917. Six months later, the Republic was dissolved after the October Revolutionon 7 November [O.S. 25 October] 1917 and the establishment of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR). Officially, the Republic's government was theProvisional Government of Russia (Russian: Временное правительство России), although de facto control was split between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet.

Estonia
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia#Politics)
The Government of Estonia (Estonian: Vabariigi Valitsus) or the executive branch is formed by the Prime Minister of Estonia, nominated by the president and approved by the parliament. The government exercises executive power pursuant to the Constitution of Estonia and the laws of the Republic of Estonia and consists of twelve ministers, including the prime minister. The prime minister also has the right to appoint other ministers and assign them a subject to deal with. These are ministers without portfolio—they don't have a ministry to control.
The Parliament of Estonia (Estonian: Riigikogu) or the legislative branch is elected by people for a four-year term by proportional representation. The Estonian political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1992 constitutional document. The Estonian parliament has 101 members and influences the governing of the state primarily by determining the income and the expenses of the state (establishing taxes and adopting the budget). At the same time the parliament has the right to present statements, declarations and appeals to the people of Estonia, ratify and denounce international treaties with other states and international organisations and decide on the Government loans.[97]

Georgia
The Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG; Georgian: საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა Sakartvelos Demokratiuli Respublika) existed from May 1918 to February 1921 and was the first modern establishment of a Republic of Georgia.

Second Hellenic Republic
The Second Hellenic Republic (Greek: Βʹ Ελληνική Δημοκρατία) was declared on 25 March 1924, after the defeat of Greece by Turkey in the Asia Minor Disaster of 1922, the September 1922 Revolutionand the subsequent exile and death of King Constantine I in 1923. The king and his political nemesis, Eleftherios Venizelos, had struggled over control of the country from 1915 to his death and the country was sorely divided (see National Schism). King Constantine was succeeded by his son, King George II, who in the wake of a failed royalist coup was asked by the parliament to leave Greece so the nation could decide what form of government it should adopt. In 1924, the Republic was proclaimed and confirmed by plebiscite.

Azerbaijan
The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyəti) was the first successful attempt to establish a democratic and secular republic in theMuslim world (pre-dating the Republic of Turkey).[4] The ADR was founded by the Azerbaijani National Council in Tiflis on 28 May 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire.[5] Its established borders were with Russia to the north, the Democratic Republic of Georgia to the north-west, the First Republic of Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south. It had a population of 2 million.[6] Ganja was the temporary capital of the Republic as Baku was under Bolshevik control.

Free City of Danzig
The Free City was governed by the Senate of the Free City of Danzig, which was elected by the parliament (Volkstag) for a legislative period of four years. The official language was German,[30] although the usage of Polish was guaranteed by law.[31][32] The political parties in the Free City corresponded with the political parties in Weimar Germany; the most influential parties in the 1920s were the conservativeGerman National People's Party, the Social Democratic Party of the Free City of Danzig and the Catholic Centre Party. A Communist Party was founded in 1921 with its origins in the Spartacus League and the Communist Party of East Prussia. Several liberal parties and Free Voter's Associations existed and ran in the elections with varying success. A Polish Party represented the Polish minority and received between 3% (1933) and 6% (1920) of the vote (in total, 4,358 votes in 1933 and 9,321 votes in 1920).[33]

Ireland
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland#Politics)
The Republic of Ireland is a parliamentary democracy based on the Westminister model with a written constitution and a popularly elected president who has mostly ceremonial powers. The Government is headed by a prime minister, the Taoiseach, who is appointed by the President on the nomination of the lower house of parliament, the Dáil. Members of the government are chosen from both the Dáil and the upper house of parliament, the Seanad.

Turkey
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey#Government)
Turkey is a parliamentary representative democracy. Since its foundation as a republic in 1923, Turkey has developed a strong tradition of secularism.[63] Turkey's constitution governs the legal framework of the country. It sets out the main principles of government and establishes Turkey as a unitary centralized state.
The President of the Republic is the head of state and has a largely ceremonial role. The president is elected for a seven-year term by direct elections. Abdullah Gül was elected as president on 28 August 2007, by a popular parliament round of votes.[64]
Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers which make up the government, while the legislative power is vested in the unicameral parliament, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, and the Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformity of laws and decrees with the constitution. The Council of State is the tribunal of last resort for administrative cases, and the High Court of Appeals for all others.[65]

Mongolia
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia#Politics)
Mongolia is a parliamentary republic. The president is directly elected. The people also elect the deputies in the national assembly, the State Great Khural, which chooses the prime minister, who nominates theCabinet in consultation with the president. The Khural confirms the ministers. Mongolia's constitution guarantees a number of freedoms, including full freedom of expression and religion. Mongolia has a number of political parties, the biggest are the Mongolian People's Party and the Democratic Party.

Second Hellenic Republic
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic)
The Second Hellenic Republic (Ancient Greek: Ἑλληνικὴ Δημοκρατία Ellīnikī́ Dīmokratía) was the political regime of Greece between 1924 and 1935. It followed from the period of the constitutional monarchy under the monarchs of the House of Glücksburg, and lasted until its overthrow in a military coup d'état which restored the monarchy. The Second Republic marks the second period in modern Greek history where Greece was not headed by a king, with the assemblies and provisional governments of the Greek Revolution being regarded as the First Republic.

Equatorial Guinea
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea#Politics)
Officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. The current president of Equatorial Guinea is Teodoro Obiang Nguema. The 1982 constitution of Equatorial Guinea, written with help from the UN, gives Obiang extensive powers, including naming and dismissing members of the cabinet, making laws by decree, dissolving the Chamber of Representatives, negotiating and ratifying treaties and serving as commander in chief of the armed forces. The Prime Minister, Vicente Ehate Tomi was appointed by Obiang and operates under powers designated by the President.
During the three decades of his rule, Obiang has shown little tolerance for opposition. While the country is nominally a multiparty democracy, elections have generally been considered a sham.

Commonwealth of the Philippines
The Commonwealth had its own constitution, which remained effective until 1973,[35] and was self-governing[10] although foreign policy and military affairs would be under the responsibility of the United States, and certain legislation required the approval of the American President.[36]
During the 1935–41 period, the Commonwealth of the Philippines featured a very strong executive, a unicameral National Assembly,[37][38] and a Supreme Court,[39] all composed entirely of Filipinos, as well as an elected Resident Commissioner to the United States House of Representatives (as Puerto Rico does today). An American High Commissioner and an American Military Advisor,[27] Douglas MacArthur headed the latter office from 1937 until the advent of World War II in 1941, holding the military rank of Field Marshal of the Philippines. After 1946, the rank of field marshal disappeared from the Philippine military.
During 1939 and 1940, after an amendment in the Commonwealth's Constitution, a bicameral Congress,[40] consisting of a Senate,[40] and of a House of Representatives,[40] was restored, replacing the National Assembly.[40]

Second Spanish Republic
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic)
The Second Spanish Republic (Spanish: Segunda República Española) was the government of Spain from 14 April 1931 until its dissolution in 1939 by a military rebellion led by General Francisco Franco and Emilio Mola.

Fourth French Republic
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_French_Republic)
The French Fourth Republic was the republican government of France between 1946 and 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution. It was in many ways a revival of the Third Republic, which was in place before World War II, and suffered many of the same problems. France adopted the constitution of the Fourth Republic on 13 October 1946.

Indonesia
Indonesia is a republic with a presidential system. As a unitary state, power is concentrated in the central government. Following the resignation of President Suharto in 1998, Indonesian political and governmental structures have undergone major reforms. Four amendments to the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia[63] have revamped the executive, judicial, and legislative branches.[64] The president of Indonesiais the head of state and head of government, commander-in-chief of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, and the director of domestic governance, policy-making, and foreign affairs. The president appoints a council of ministers, who are not required to be elected members of the legislature. The 2004 presidential election was the first in which the people directly elected the president and vice president.[65] The president may serve a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms.[66]
The highest representative body at national level is the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR). Its main functions are supporting and amending the constitution, inaugurating the president, and formalizing broad outlines of state policy.
Most civil disputes appear before a State Court (Pengadilan Negeri); appeals are heard before the High Court (Pengadilan Tinggi).

Italian Republic
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy#Government)
Italy has a parliamentary government based on a proportional voting system. The parliament is perfectly bicameral: the two houses, the Chamber of Deputies (that meets in Palazzo Montecitorio) and the Senate of the Republic (that meets in Palazzo Madama), have the same powers. The Prime Minister, officially President of the Council of Ministers (Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), is Italy'shead of government. The Prime Minister and the cabinet are appointed by the President of the Republic, but must pass a vote of confidence in Parliament to become in office.
While the office is similar to those in most other parliamentary systems, the Italian prime minister has less authority than some of his counterparts. The prime minister is not authorized to request the dissolution of Parliament or dismiss ministers (that are exclusive prerogatives of the President of the Republic) and must receive a vote of approval from the Council of Ministers—which holds effective executive power—to execute most political activities.

Republic of the Philippines
The Philippines has a democratic government.[133] It is a constitutional republic with a presidential system. It is governed as a unitary state with the exception of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao which is largely free from the national government. There have been attempts to change the government to a federal, unicameral, or parliamentary government since the Ramos administration.[134][135]
The President functions as both head of state and head of government and is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The president is elected by popular vote for a single six-year term, during which he or she appoints and presides over the cabinet.[136] The bicameral Congress is composed of the Senate, serving as the upper house, with members elected to a six-year term, and the House of Representatives, serving as the lower house, with members elected to a three-year term. The senators are elected at large while the representatives are elected from both legislative districts and through sectoral representation.[136] The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, composed of a Chief Justice as its presiding officer and fourteen associate justices, all of whom are appointed by the President from nominations submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council.[136]

Albania
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania#Goverment)
The Albanian republic is a parliamentary democracy established under a constitution renewed in 1998. Elections are held every four years to a unicameral 140-seat chamber, the People's Assembly. In June 2002, a compromise candidate, Alfred Moisiu, former Army General, was elected to succeed President Rexhep Meidani. Parliamentary elections in July 2005 brought Sali Berisha, the leader of the Democratic Party, while on 20 July 2007 Bamir Topi became president. The current Albanian president Bujar Nishani was elected by Parliament in July 2012.

Romania
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#Politics)
Romania is a semi-presidential republic where executive functions are held by both government and the president. The president is elected by popular vote for a maximum of two terms, and since the amendments in 2003, each term lasts five years.[143] He appoints the prime minister, who in turn appoints the Council of Ministers (based at Victoria Palace).[143] The legislative branch of the government, collectively known as the Parliament (residing at the Palace of the Parliament), consists of two chambers – the Senate with 140 members, and the Chamber of Deputies with 346 members.[143] The members of both chambers are elected every four years by simple plurality.[144] Traian Băsescu, current President of Romania, with George W. Bush, former President of the United States, 27 July 2006.
The justice system is independent of the other branches of government, and is made up of a hierarchical system of courts culminating in the High Court of Cassation and Justice, which is the supreme court of Romania.[145]

Israel
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel#Politics)
Israel operates under a parliamentary system as a democratic republic with universal suffrage.[6] A member of parliament supported by a parliamentary majority becomes the prime minister—usually this is the chair of the largest party. The prime minister is the head of government and head of the cabinet.[193][194] Israel is governed by a 120-member parliament, known as the Knesset. Membership of the Knesset is based on proportional representation of political parties,[195] with a 2% electoral threshold, which in practice has resulted in coalition governments.
Parliamentary elections are scheduled every four years, but unstable coalitions or a no-confidence vote by the Knesset can dissolve a government earlier. The Basic Laws of Israel function as an uncodified constitution. In 2003, the Knesset began to draft an official constitution based on these laws.[6][196] The president of Israel is head of state, with limited and largely ceremonial duties.[193]

Myanmar (Burma)
The constitution of Burma, its third since independence, was drafted by its military rulers and published in September 2008. The country is governed as a presidential republic with a bicameral legislature, with a portion of legislators appointed by the military and others elected in general elections. The current head of state, inaugurated as President on 30 March 2011, is Thein Sein.
The legislature, called the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, is bicameral and made up of two houses: The 224-seat upper house Amyotha Hluttaw (House of Nationalities) and the 440-seat lower house Pyithu Hluttaw (House of Representatives). The upper house consists of 224 members, of whom 168 are directly elected and 56 are appointed by the Burmese Armed Forces while the lower house consists of 440 members, of whom 330 are directly elected and 110 are appointed by the armed forces. The major political parties are the National League for Democracy, National Democratic Force and the two backed by the military: the National Unity Party, and the Union Solidarity and Development Party.

India
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Government)
The executive branch of the Indian government consists of the president, the vice-president, and the Council of Ministers—the cabinet being its executive committee—headed by the prime minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of one of the houses of parliament.[166] In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature; the prime minister and his council are directly responsible to the lower house of the parliament.[171]
The legislature of India is the bicameral parliament. It operates under a Westminster-style parliamentary system and comprises the upper house called the Rajya Sabha ("Council of States") and the lower called the Lok Sabha ("House of the People").[172]
India has a unitary three-tier independent judiciary[176] that comprises the Supreme Court,

Egypt
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt)
The politics of Egypt is based on republicanism, with a semi-presidential system of government. Following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, and the resignation of President Hosni Mubarak, executive power was assumed by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, which dissolved the parliament and suspended the constitution. In 2013, a coup d'état resulted in the selection of Adly Mansour as Egypt's sixth President.

Pakistan
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Politics)
Head of State: The president who is elected by an electoral college is the ceremonial head of the state and is the civilian commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces (with Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee as its principal military adviser), but military appointments and key confirmations in the armed forces are made by the prime minister after reviewing the reports on their merit and performances.
The bicameral legislature comprises a 100-member Senate and a 342-member National Assembly.
The prime minister is usually the leader of the largest party or a coalition in the National Assembly.
Each of the four province has a similar system of government...
The judiciary of Pakistan is a hierarchical system with two classes of courts: the superior (or higher) judiciary and the subordinate (or lower) judiciary.

Sudan
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan#Government_and_politics)
Officially, the politics of Sudan takes place in the framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic, where the President of Sudan is head of state, head of government and commander-in-chief of the Sudan People's Armed Forces in a multi-party system. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the bicameral parliament — the National Legislature, with its National Assembly (lower chamber) and the Council of States (upper chamber). The judiciary is independent and obtained by the Constitutional Court.[10]
However, following the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) and the now-low-scale war in Darfur, Sudan is widely recognized as an authoritarian state where all effective political power is obtained by President Omar al-Bashir and the ruling National Congress Party (NCP).

Ghana
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana#Government)
Ghana is a unitary presidential constitutional republic with a parliamentary multi-party system and former alternatingmilitary occupation. Following alternating military and civilian governments in January 1993, the Ghana military government gave way to the Fourth Republic of Ghana after presidential and parliamentary elections in late 1992. The 1992 constitution divides powers among a president, parliament, cabinet, council of state, and an independent judiciary. The government is elected by universal suffrage.[43] The Electoral Commission of Ghana announced that fomer Vice-President of Ghana, John Dramani Mahama won the Ghana presidential election, 2012 on 7 December 2012 and John Dramani Mahama was sworn in as the reigning President of Ghana on 7 January 2013 serving a 4-years term length that expires approximately on Saturday 7 January 2017 amidst announcement of electoral fraud.[44]

Iraq
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq#Government_and_politics)
The federal government of Iraq is defined under the current Constitution as a democratic, federal parliamentary Islamic republic. The federal government is composed of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, as well as numerous independent commissions. Aside from the federal government, there are regions (made of one or more governorates), governorates, and districts within Iraq with jurisdiction over various matters as defined by law.
The National Alliance is the main Shia parliamentary bloc, and was established as a result of a merger of Prime Minister Nouri Maliki's State of Law Coalition and the Iraqi National Alliance.[77] The Iraqi National Movement is led by Iyad Allawi, a secular Shia widely supported by Sunnis. The party has a more consistent anti-sectarian perspective than most of its rivals.[77] The Kurdistan List is dominated by two parties, the Kurdistan Democratic Party led by Masood Barzani and thePatriotic Union of Kurdistan headed by Jalal Talabani. Both parties are secular and enjoy close ties with the West.[77]
In 2010, according to the Failed States Index, Iraq was the world's seventh most politically unstable country.[78][79] The concentration of power in the hands of Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki and growing pressure on the opposition have led to growing concern about the future of political rights in Iraq.[80]

Fifth French Republic
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_French_Republic)
The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, introduced on 4 October 1958.[1] The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the French Fourth Republic, replacing the prior parliamentary government with a semi-presidential system. It is France's third-longest-enduring political regime, after the pre-revolutionary Ancien Régime and the Third Republic.

Benin
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin#Politics)
Benin's politics take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, where the President of Benin is both head of state and head of government, within a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the legislature. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The political system is derived from the 1990 Constitution of Benin and the subsequent transition to democracy in 1991.
Benin scored highly in the 2009 Ibrahim Index of African Governance, which comprehensively measures the state of governance across the continent. Benin was ranked 15th out of 53 African countries, and scored particularly well in the categories of Safety & Security and Participation & Human Rights.[26]

Democratic Republic of the Congo
After a four-year interlude between two constitutions, with new political institutions established at the various levels of government, as well as new administrative divisions for the provinces throughout the country, a new constitution came into effect in 2006 and politics in the Democratic Republic of the Congo finally settled into a stablepresidential democratic republic. The 2003 transitional constitution[51] had established a parliament with a bicameral legislature, consisting of a Senate and a National Assembly. The Senate had, among other things, the charge of drafting the new constitution of the country. The executive branch was vested in a 60-member cabinet, headed by a President and four vice presidents. The President was also the Commander-in Chief of the armed forces. The transitional constitution also established a relatively independent judiciary, headed by a Supreme Court with constitutional interpretation powers.

Cyprus
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus#Politics)
Cyprus is a presidential republic. The head of state and of the government is elected by a process of universal suffrage for a five-year term. Executive power is exercised by the government with legislative power vested in the House of Representatives whilst the Judiciary is independent of both the executive and the legislature.

Mauritania
Abdallahi's resignation allowed the election of Abdel Aziz as civilian president, on 18 July, by a 52% majority. Many of Abdallahi's former supporters criticized this as a political ploy and refused to recognize the results. They argued that the election had been falsified due to junta control, and complained that the international community had let down the opposition. Despite marginal complaints, the elections were almost unanimously accepted by Western, Arab and African countries, which lifted sanctions and resumed relations with Mauritania. By late summer, Abdel Aziz appeared to have secured his position and to have gained widespread international and internal support. Some figures, such as Senate chairman Messaoud Ould Boulkheir, continued to refuse the new order and call for Abdel Aziz's resignation.
In February 2011, the waves of the Arab Spring spread to Mauritania, where hundreds of people took to the streets of the capital.[49]

Nigeria
Nigeria is a Federal Republic modelled after the United States,[49] with executive power exercised by the president and with overtones of the Westminster System model[citation needed] in the composition and management of the upper and lower houses of the bicameral legislature. The president of Nigeria is Goodluck Jonathan, who succeeded Umaru Musa Yar'Adua to the office in 2010. The president presides as both Head of State and head of the national executive and is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two four-year terms.[6]

Somalia
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia#Politics)
As part of the official "Roadmap for the End of Transition", a political process which provided clear benchmarks leading toward the formation of permanent democratic institutions in Somalia, the Transitional Federal Government's interim mandate ended on August 20, 2012.[23] The Federal Parliament of Somaliawas concurrently inaugurated, ushering in the Federal Government of Somalia, the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war.[27]
On September 10, 2012, parliament elected Hassan Sheikh Mohamud as the new President of Somalia.[140] President Mohamud later appointed Abdi Farah Shirdon as the new Prime Minister on October 6, 2012,[141] who was succeeded in office by Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed on December 21, 2013.[142]

Cameroon
The President of Cameroon has broad, unilateral powers to create policy, administer government agencies, command thearmed forces, negotiate and ratify treaties, and declare a state of emergency.[26] The president appoints government officials at all levels, from the prime minister (considered the official head of government), to the provincial governors and divisional officers.[27] The president is selected by popular vote every seven years.[1]
Corruption is rife at all levels of government. In 1997, Cameroon established anti-corruption bureaus in 29 ministries, but only 25% became operational,[28] and in 2012, Transparency International placed Cameroon at number 144 on a list of 176 countries ranked from least to most corrupt.[29] On 18 January 2006, Biya initiated an anti-corruption drive under the direction of the National Anti-Corruption Observatory.[28]
The National Assembly makes legislation. The body consists of 180 members who are elected for five-year terms and meet three times per year.[27] Laws are passed on a majority vote. Rarely has the assembly changed or blocked legislation proposed by the president. The 1996 constitution establishes a second house of parliament, the 100-seat Senate, was established in April 2013 and is headed by a senate president who is the constitutional successor in case of untimely vacancy of the presidency .[1]The government recognises the authority of traditional chiefs, fons, and lamibe to govern at the local level and to resolve disputes as long as such rulings do not conflict with national law.[30][37]

Namibia
The politics of Namibia takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the president of Namibia is elected to a five-year term and is both the head of state and the head of government.[44]
The Constitution of Namibia guarantees the separation of powers:[45]
- Executive power is exercised by the President and Cabinet.
- Legislature: Namibia has a bicameral Parliament with the National Assembly as lower house, and the National Council the upper house.
- Judiciary: Namibia has a system of courts that interpret and apply the law in the name of the state.While the constitution envisaged a multi-party system for Namibia's government, The SWAPO party has been dominant since independence in 1990.[46]

Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a directly elected president and a unicameral legislature. The current system of government in Sierra Leone, established under the 1991 Constitution, is modelled on the following structure of government: the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary.[69]
Within the confines of the 1991 Constitution, supreme legislative powers are vested in Parliament, which is the law making body of the nation. Supreme executive authority rests in the president and members of his cabinet and judicial power with the judiciary of which the Chief Justice is head.

South Africa
South Africa is a parliamentary republic, although unlike most such republics the President is both head of state and head of government, and depends for his tenure on the confidence of Parliament. The executive, legislature and judiciary are all subject to the supremacy of the Constitution, and the superior courts have the power to strike down executive actions and acts of Parliament if they are unconstitutional.
The National Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, consists of 400 members and is elected every five years by a system of party-list proportional representation. The National Council of Provinces, the upper house, consists of ninety members, with each of the nine provincial legislatures electing ten members.

Burundi
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi#Politics)
Burundi's political system is that of a presidential representative democratic republic based upon a multi-party state. The President of Burundi is the head of stateand head of government. There are currently 21 registered parties in Burundi.[9] On March 13, 1992, Tutsi coup leader Pierre Buyoya established a constitution,[39]which provided for a multi-party political process[40] and reflected multi-party competition. Six years later, on June 6, 1998, the constitution was changed, broadening National Assembly's seats and making provisions for two vice presidents. Because of the Arusha Accord, Burundi enacted a transitional government in 2000.[41]
Burundi's legislative branch is a bicameral assembly, consisting of the Transitional National Assembly and the Transitional Senate. As of 2004, the Transitional National Assembly consists of 170 members, with the Front for Democracy in Burundi holding 38% of seats, and 10% of the assembly is controlled by UPRONA. Fifty-two seats are controlled by other parties. Burundi's constitution mandates representation in the Transitional National Assembly to be consistent with 60% Hutu, 40% Tutsi, and 30% female members, as well as three Batwa members.[9] Members of the National Assembly are elected by popular vote and serve for five-year terms.[42]

Rwanda
The President of Rwanda is the head of state,[55] and has broad powers including creating policy in conjunction with the Cabinet,[56] exercising the prerogative of mercy,[57]commanding the armed forces,[58] negotiating and ratifying treaties,[59] signing presidential orders,[60] and declaring war or a state of emergency.[58] The President is elected by popular vote every seven years,[61] and appoints the Prime Minister and all other members of Cabinet.[62]
The Parliament consists of two chambers. It makes legislation and is empowered by the constitution to oversee the activities of the President and the Cabinet.[72] The lower chamber is the Chamber of Deputies, which has 80 members serving five-year terms.

Uganda
In 1966, following a power struggle between the Obote-led government and King Muteesa, the UPC-dominated Parliament changed the constitution and removed the ceremonial president and vice-president. In 1967, a new constitution proclaimed Uganda a republic and abolished the traditional kingdoms. Without first calling elections, Obote was declared the executive President.[15]
Museveni has been in power since 1986. In the mid- to late 1990s, he was lauded by the West as part of a new generation of African leaders.[20] As president, he has led Uganda in involvement in the civil war in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and other conflicts in the Great Lakes region. He has struggled for years in the civil war against the Lord's Resistance Army, which has been guilty of numerous crimes against humanity, including child slavery and mass murder. Conflict in northern Uganda has killed thousands and displaced millions.[21]

Algeria
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria#Politics)
Elected politicians are considered to have relatively little sway over Algeria. Instead, a group of unelected civilian and military "décideurs", known as "le pouvoir" ("the power"), actually rule the country, even deciding who should be president. The most powerful man may be Mohamed Mediène, head of the military intelligence.[63] In recent years, many of these generals have died or retired. After the death of General Larbi Belkheir, Bouteflika put loyalists in key posts, notably at Sonatrach, and secured constitutional amendments that make him re-electable indefinitely.[64]
The Algerian parliament is bicameral; the lower house, the People's National Assembly, has 462 members who are directly elected for five-year terms, while the upper house, the Council of the Nation, has 144 members serving six-year terms, of which 96 members are chosen by local assemblies and 48 are appointed by the president.[67]

Singapore
Singapore is a parliamentary republic with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government representing constituencies. Its constitution establishesrepresentative democracy as its political system.[27] Freedom House ranks Singapore as "partly free" in its Freedom in the World report,[28] and The Economist ranks Singapore as a "hybrid regime", the third rank out of four, in its "Democracy Index".[29] Singapore is consistently rated one of the least corrupt countries in the world by Transparency International.[30]
Executive power rests with the Cabinet of Singapore, led by the Prime Minister, and the President.[21] The president is elected through popular vote, and has some veto powers for a few key decisions such as the use of the national reserves and the appointment of judges, but otherwise occupies a ceremonial post.[31]

Kenya
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya#Government_and_politics)
Kenya is a presidential representative democratic republic. The President is both the head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly or parliamentary lower house. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. There was growing concern especially during former president Daniel arap Moi's tenure that the executive was increasingly meddling with the affairs of the judiciary.[citation needed]

Malawi
Malawi is a democratic, multi-party government, currently under the leadership of Joyce Banda.[21] The current constitution was put into place on 18 May 1995. Thebranches of the government consist of executive, legislative and judicial. The executive includes a president who is both chief of state and head of government, first and second vice presidents and a cabinet. The president is elected every five years, and the vice president is chosen by the president. A second vice president may be appointed by the president if she so chooses, although they must be from a different party. The members of the cabinet are appointed by the president and can be from either inside or outside of the legislature.[12]

Tanzania
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania#Government)
The parliament of Tanzania consists of two parts: the president and the National Assembly.[25]:§ 62(1)
The president and the members of the National Assembly are elected concurrently by direct popular vote for five-year terms.[25]:§ 42(2) The vice-president is elected for a five-year term at the same time as the president and on the same ticket.[25]:§§ 47(2), 50(1)
Neither the president nor the vice-president may be a member of the National Assembly.[25]:§ 66(2) The president appoints a prime minister to serve as the government's leader in the assembly.[25]:§§ 51(1), 52(2) The president selects his or her cabinet from assembly members.[25]:§ 55
All legislative power relating to mainland Tanzania and union matters is vested in the National Assembly,[25]:§ 64(1) which is unicameral and has a maximum of 357 members.[26] These include members elected to represent constituencies, the attorney general, five members elected by the Zanzibar house of representatives from among its own members, the special women's seats that constitute at least 30 percent of the seats that any party has in the assembly, the speaker of the assembly (if not otherwise a member of the assembly), and the persons (not more than ten) appointed by the president.[25]:§ 66(1) The Tanzania Electoral Commission demarcates the mainland into constituencies in the number determined by the commission with the consent of the president.[25]:§ 75

Zambia
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia#Politics)
Politics in Zambia take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Zambia is both head of state and head of government in a pluriform multi-party system. The government exercises executive power, while legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. Zambia became a republic immediately upon attaining independence in October 1964. Since 2011, Zambia's president has been Michael Sata.

Gambia
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia#Politics)
The 1970 constitution, which divided the government into independent executive, legislative, and judicial branches, was suspended after the 1994 military coup. As part of the transition process, the AFPRC established the Constitution Review Commission (CRC) through decree in March 1995. In accordance with the timetable for the transition to a democratically elected government, the commission drafted a new constitution for the Gambia, which was approved by referendum in August 1996. The constitution provides for a strong presidential government, a unicameral legislature, an independent judiciary, and the protection of human rights.

Botswana
The Constitution of Botswana is the rule of law which protects the citizens of Botswana and represents their rights to freedom, life, and liberty. The politics of Botswana take place in a framework of a representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Botswana is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Parliament of Botswana.The most recent election, its tenth, was held on 16 October 2009.

Yemen
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#Politics)
Yemen is a republic with a bicameral legislature. Under the 1991 constitution, an elected President, an elected 301-seat Assembly of Representatives, and an appointed 111-member Shura Council share power. The President is the head of state, and the Prime Minister is the head of government.
As a result of the Yemeni revolution, the constitution of Yemen is expected to be rewritten, and then new elections held in 2014. The national government administers the capital and largest cities, but some other regions are outside of its grasp, governed by armed militant groups which expanded their control during the chaos of the 2011–12 uprising. The two major groups are Ansar al-Sharia (a branch or affiliate of Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula), which has declared several "Islamic emirates" in the southern provinces of Abyan and Shabwah, and the Houthis, a Shia rebel group centered in the Saada Governorate.

Maldives
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives#Government)
Maldives is a presidential republic, with the President as head of government and head of state. The President heads the executive branch and appoints the cabinet which is approved by the People's Majlis (Parliament). Following the introduction of a new constitution in 2008, direct elections for the President take place every five years, with a limit of two terms in office for any individual. The current President is Abdulla Yameen.[65] Members of the unicameral Majlis serve five-year terms, with the total number of members determined by atoll populations. At the 2009 election, 77 members were elected. The People's Majlis, located in Male, houses members from all over the country.[3]

Nauru
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru#Politics)
Nauru is a republic with a parliamentary system of government.[27] The president is both head of state and head of government. A 19-member unicameralparliament is elected every three years.[30] The parliament elects the president from its members, and the president appoints a cabinet of five to six members.[31]Nauru does not have any formal structure for political parties, and candidates typically stand for office as independents; fifteen of the 19 members of the current Parliament are independents. Four parties that have been active in Nauruan politics are the Nauru Party, the Democratic Party, Nauru First, and the Centre Party. However, alliances within the government are often formed on the basis of extended family ties rather than party affiliation.[32]

Libya
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya#Government_and_politics)
The legislature of Libya is the unicameral General National Congress, which has 200 seats.[87]
On 7 July 2012, Libyans voted in parliamentary elections, the first free elections in almost 40 years.[88] Around thirty women were elected to become members of parliament.[88] Early results of the vote showed the National Forces Alliance, led by former interim Prime Minister Mahmoud Jibril, as front runner.[89] The Justice and Construction Party, affiliated to the Muslim Brotherhood, has done less well than similar parties in Egypt and Tunisia.[90] It won 17 out of 80 seats that were contested by parties, but about 60 independents have since joined its caucus.[90]
As of January 2013, there was mounting public pressure on the National Congress to set up a drafting body to create a new constitution. Congress had not yet decided whether the members of the body would be elected or appointed.[91]

Central African Republic
Like many other former French colonies, the Central African Republic's legal system is based upon French law.[34]
A new constitution was approved by voters in a referendum held on 5 December 2004. Full multiparty presidential and parliamentary elections were held in March 2005,[35] with a second round in May. Bozizé was declared the winner after a run-off vote.[36]
A couple of years later, the Central African Republic fell victim to one of Africa's many civil wars, rebellions and revolutions. In February 2006, there were reports of widespread violence in the northern part of the country.[37] Thousands of refugees fled their homes, caught up in the crossfire between government troops and rebel forces. More than 7,000 people fled to neighboring Chad. Those who remained in the CAR told how government troops systematically killed men and boys that they suspected of cooperation with the rebels.[38] The French military supported the Bozizé government's response to the rebels in November 2006.[16][17]
In November 2013 United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon noted that the security situation in the country remained precarious with government authority nonexistent outside of Bangui[54] andJan Eliasson, the UN deputy secretary general said that the CAR was "...descending into complete chaos.."[55] Both the president and prime minister resigned through an announcement at a regional summit in January, 2014, after which interim leader and speaker for the provisional parliament took over.[7][8]

Guyana
The politics of Guyana takes place in a framework of a representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Guyana is the head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government.Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly of Guyana.

Malta
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta#Politics)
Malta is a republic[65] whose parliamentary system and public administration is closely modelled on the Westminster system. Malta had the second-highest voter turnout in the world (and the highest for nations without mandatory voting), based on election turnout in national lower house elections from 1960 to 1995.[66]
The unicameral House of Representatives, (Maltese: Kamra tad-Deputati), is elected by direct universal suffrage through single transferable vote every five years, unless the House is dissolved earlier by the President on advice of the Prime Minister.
The House of Representatives is made up of 69 members of parliament. However, where a party wins an absolute majority of votes, but does not have a majority of seats, that party is given additional seats to ensure a parliamentary majority. The Constitution of Malta provides that the president appoint as prime minister the member of the House who is best able to command a (governing) majority in the House.
The President of Malta is appointed for a five-year term by a resolution of the House of Representatives carried by a simple majority.

Sri Lanka
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka#Politics)
Sri Lanka is a democratic republic and a unitary state which is governed by a semi-presidential system, with a mixture of a presidential system and aparliamentary system.[182] It constitutes a parliamentary system governed under the constitution. Most provisions of the constitution can be amended by a two-thirds majority in parliament. However, the amendment of certain basic features such as the clauses on language, religion, and reference to Sri Lanka as a unitary state require both a two-thirds majority and approval in a nation-wide referendum.

Afghanistan
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan#Governance)
Afghanistan is an Islamic republic consisting of three branches, executive, legislative and judicial. The nation is currently led by Hamid Karzai as the President and leader since late 2001. The National Assembly is the legislature, a bicameral body having two chambers, the House of the People and the House of Elders.
The Supreme Court is led by Chief Justice Abdul Salam Azimi, a former university professor who had been a legal advisor to the president.[173] The current court is seen as more moderate and led by more technocrats than the previous one, which was dominated by fundamentalist religious figures such as Chief Justice Faisal Ahmad Shinwari who issued several controversial rulings, including seeking to place a limit on the rights of women.

Third Hellenic Republic
The current Third Hellenic Republic (Greek: Γʹ Ελληνική Δημοκρατία) was declared in 1974 during the Metapolitefsi (Greek, "regime change"), after the end of the Regime of the Colonels which had controlled Greece since the coup d'état of 21 April 1967.

Ethiopia
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#Politics)
The politics of Ethiopia takes place in a framework of a federal parliamentary republic, whereby the Prime Minister is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Federal legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament. On the basis of Article 78 of the 1994 Ethiopian Constitution, the Judiciary is completely independent of the executive and the legislature.[86] The current realities of this provision are questioned in a report prepared by Freedom House.[citation needed]
According to the Democracy Index published by the United Kingdom-based Economist Intelligence Unit in late 2010, Ethiopia is an "authoritarian regime", ranking 118th out of 167 countries (with the larger number being less democratic).[87] Ethiopia has dropped 12 places on the list since 2006, and the latest report attributes the drop to the regime's crackdown on opposition activities, media and civil society before the 2010 parliamentary election, which the report argues has made Ethiopia a de facto one-party state.

Laos
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos#Government_and_politics)
The Lao People's Democratic Republic, along with China, Cuba, Vietnam, and North Korea is one of the world's five remaining socialist states. The only legal political party is the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP). The head of state is President Choummaly Sayasone, who is also the General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party. The head of government is Prime Minister Thongsing Thammavong, who is also a senior member of the Politburo. Government policies are determined by the party through the all-powerful eleven-member Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party and the 61-member Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party. Important government decisions are vetted by the Council of Ministers. The Socialist Republic of Vietnammaintains significant influence over the Politburo of Laos and the one-party communist state apparatus and military.

Suriname
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname#Politics)
The Republic of Suriname is a constitutional, democratically representational republic based on the 1987 constitution. The legislative branch of government consists of a 51-member unicameral National Assembly, simultaneously and popularly elected for a five-year term.

Seychelles
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles#Politics)
The cabinet is presided over and appointed by the president, subject to the approval of a majority of the legislature.
The unicameral Seychellois parliament, the National Assembly or Assemblée Nationale, consists of 34 members, of whom 25 are elected directly by popular vote, while the remaining nine seats are appointed proportionally according to the percentage of votes received by each party. All members serve five-year terms.

Trinidad and Tobago
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago#Politics)
Trinidad and Tobago is a republic with a two-party system and a bicameral parliamentary system based on the Westminster System. The head of state of Trinidad and Tobago is the President, currently Anthony Carmona. The head of government is the Prime Minister. The President is elected by an Electoral Collegeconsisting of the full membership of both houses of Parliament. The Prime Minister is elected from the results of a general election which takes place every five years.

Dominica
Dominica is a parliamentary democracy within the Commonwealth of Nations and, since 1979, a member of La Francophonie. The Commonwealth of Dominica is one of the Caribbean's few republics. The president is the head of state, while executive power rests with the cabinet, headed by the prime minister. The unicameral parliament consists of the thirty-member House of Assembly, which consists of twenty-one directly elected members and nine senators, who may either be appointed by the president or elected by the other members of the House of Assembly.

Iran
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran#Government_and_politics)
The political system of the Islamic Republic is based on the 1979 Constitution, and comprises several intricately connected governing bodies. The Leader of the Revolution ("Supreme Leader") is responsible for delineation and supervision of the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran.[119] The Supreme Leader is Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, controls the military intelligence and security operations; and has sole power to declare war or peace.[119] The heads of the judiciary, state radio and television networks, the commanders of the police and military forces and six of the twelve members of the Guardian Council are appointed by the Supreme Leader.[119] The Assembly of Experts elects and dismisses the Supreme Leader on the basis of qualifications and popular esteem.[120]
The legislature of Iran (known in English as the Islamic Consultative Assembly) is a unicameral body.[125] The Majlis of Iran comprises 290 members elected for four-year terms.[125] The Majlis drafts legislation, ratifies international treaties, and approves the national budget. All Majlis candidates and all legislation from the assembly must be approved by the Guardian Council.[126]

Kiribati
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati#Politics)
The Kiribati Constitution, promulgated 12 July 1979, provides for free and open elections. The executive branch consists of a president (te Beretitenti), a vice-president and a cabinet (the president is also chief of the cabinet and must be an MP). The constitution requires that the president be nominated from among elected legislators, and limits the office to three four-year terms. The cabinet is composed of the president, vice-president, and 10 ministers (appointed by the president) who are members of the House of Assembly.
The legislative branch is the unicameral Maneaba Ni Maungatabu (House of Assembly). It has elected members, including by constitutional mandate a representative of the Banaban people in Fiji (Banaba Island, former Ocean Island), in addition to the attorney general, who serves as an ex-officio member. Legislators serve for a four-year term.

Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe is a republic with a presidential system of government. The semi-presidential system was done away with the adoption of a new constitution after a referendum in March 2013. Under the constitutional changes in 2005, an upper chamber, the Senate, was reinstated.[66] The House of Assembly is the lower chamber of Parliament.

Fiji
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji#Politics)
Politics in Fiji normally take place in the framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic wherein the Prime Minister of Fiji is the head of government and the President the head of state, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government, legislative power is vested in both the government and the Parliament of Fiji, and the judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
Since independence there have been four coups in Fiji: two in 1987, one in 2000 and one in late 2006. The military has been either ruling directly or heavily influencing governments since 1987.

Mauritius
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius#Politics)
The politics of Mauritius take place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, in which the President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of governmentwho is assisted by a Council of Ministers. Mauritius has a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the Government. Legislative power is vested in both the Government and the National Assembly. The absolute power is split between two positions: the President and the Prime Minister.

Samoa
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa#Politics)
The 1960 constitution, which formally came into force with independence from New Zealand in 1962, is based on the British pattern of parliamentary democracy, modified to take account of Samoan customs.[37]

Nepal
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal#Politics)
Nepal has seen rapid political changes during the last two decades. Up until 1990, Nepal was a monarchy under executive control of the King. Faced with a communist movement against absolute monarchy, King Birendra, in 1990, agreed to a large-scale political reform by creating a parliamentary monarchy with the King as the head of state and a Prime Minister as the head of the government.
Nepal's legislature was bicameral, consisting of a House of Representatives called the Pratinidhi Sabha and a National Council called the Rastriya Sabha. The House of Representatives consisted of 205 members directly elected by the people. The National Council had 60 members: ten nominated by the king, 35 elected by the House of Representatives, and the remaining 15 elected by an electoral college made up of chairs of villages and towns. The legislature had a five-year term but was dissolvable by the king before its term could end. All Nepali citizens 18 years and older became eligible to vote.
The executive comprised the King and the Council of Ministers (the cabinet). The leader of the coalition or party securing the maximum seats in an election was appointed as the Prime Minister. The Cabinet was appointed by the king on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. Governments in Nepal tended to be highly unstable, falling either through internal collapse or parliamentary dissolution by the monarch, on the recommendation of the prime minister, according to the constitution; no government has survived for more than two years since 1991.

The People's Republic of China ????
The People's Republic of China is one of the world's few remaining socialist states openly endorsing communism. The Chinese government has been variously described as communist and socialist, but also as authoritarian and corporatist,[138] with heavy restrictions in many areas, most notably against free access to the Internet, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, the right to have children, free formation of social organizations and freedom of religion.[139] Its current political and economic system has been termed by its leaders as "socialism with Chinese characteristics" (which is Marxismadapted to Chinese circumstances) and as the "socialist market economy" respectively.[140]

Autonomous Republic of Crimea
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea#In_Independent_Ukraine)
With the collapse of the Soviet Union, Crimea became part of the newly independent Ukraine, which led to tensions between Russia and Ukraine.[nb 1] With the Black Sea Fleet based on the peninsula, worries of armed skirmishes were occasionally raised. Crimean Tatars began returning from exile and resettling in Crimea.
On 26 February 1992, the Verkhovniy Sovet (the Crimean parliament) renamed the ASSR the Republic of Crimea and proclaimed self-government on 5 May 1992[32][33] (which was yet to be approved by a referendum held 2 August 1992[34]) and passed the first Crimean constitution the same day.[34] On 6 May 1992 the same parliament inserted a new sentence into this constitution that declared that Crimea was part of Ukraine.[34]
On 19 May, Crimea agreed to remain part of Ukraine and annulled its proclamation of self-government but Crimean Communists forced the Ukrainian government to expand on the already extensive autonomous status of Crimea.[20]:587 In the same period, Russian president Boris Yeltsin and Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk agreed to divide the former Soviet Black Sea Fleet between Russia and the newly formed Ukrainian Navy.[35]

Ukraine
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine#Independence)
At the meeting in Brest, Belarus on 8 December, followed by the Alma Ata meeting on 21 December, the leaders of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine, formally dissolved the Soviet Union and formed the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).[99]
Although the idea of an independent Ukrainian nation had previously not existed in the 20th century in the minds of international policy makers,[100] Ukraine was initially viewed as a republic with favorable economic conditions in comparison to the other regions of the Soviet Union.[101] However, the country experienced deeper economic slowdown than some of the other former Soviet Republics. During the recession, Ukraine lost 60% of its GDP from 1991 to 1999,[102][103] and suffered five-digit inflation rates.[104] Dissatisfied with the economic conditions, as well as the amounts of crime and corruption in Ukraine, Ukrainians protested and organised strikes.[105]
The Ukrainian economy stabilized by the end of the 1990s. A new currency, the hryvnia, was introduced in 1996. Since 2000, the country has enjoyed steady real economic growth averaging about seven percent annually.[106][107] A new Constitution of Ukraine was adopted under second President Leonid Kuchma in 1996, which turned Ukraine into a semi-presidential republic and established a stable political system. Kuchma was, however, criticised by opponents for corruption, electoral fraud, discouraging free speech and concentrating too much power in his office.[108]
The Euromaidan (Ukrainian: Євромайдан, literally "Eurosquare") protests started in November 2013, when Ukrainian citizens demanded stronger integration with theEuropean Union.[117][118] The demonstrations were prompted by the refusal to sign an association agreement with the EU, which Yanukovych described as being disadvantageous to Ukraine. Over time, Euromaidan has come to describe a wave of ongoing demonstrations and civil unrest in Ukraine, the scope of which has evolved to include calls for the resignation of President Yanukovych and his government.
Crimean leader asks Putin for help and on March 1, Russia's parliament approved a request from President Vladimir Putin permitting the deployment of Russian troops in Ukraine, in response to the Crimean crisis.[122] Pro-Russian troops accordingly have mobilized throughout Crimea and the southeast of Ukraine

Other Google Maps of Historic Events
Try one of the many other Interactive Maps of Explorers and Historic Events at MyReadingMapped. http://climateviewer.org/myreadingmapped/

University study finds America is an oligarchy, not a democracy or republic
America is no longer a democracy — never mind the democratic republic envisioned by Founding Fathers.Rather, it has taken a turn down elitist lane and become a country led by a small dominant class comprised of powerful members who exert total control over the general population — an oligarchy, said a new study jointly conducted by Princeton and Northwestern universities.
“The central point that emerges from our research is that economic elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on U.S. government policy, while mass-based interest groups and average citizens have little or no independent influence,” the study found.
The study also found: “When a majority of citizens disagrees with economic elites and/or with organized interests, they generally lose.”Read more: Follow us: @washtimes on Twitter

The hidden oligarchies within any form of government.
With globalization came the growth, influence and control of governments by domestic and multinational corporations. Business has always intervened in government to get government to intervene in business to the advantage of the politically influential business over it's competition, small business, it's customers, it's employees and taxpayers. They use their influence to regulate us all while exempting themselves. Such is the power of money and our dependence on this oligarchy for employment in order to make a living.

Corporate involvment in the Council on Foreign Relations
Enlarge Chart:
As stated on its website, the CFR's mission is to be "a resource for its members, government officials, business executives, journalists, educators and students, civic and religious leaders, and other interested citizens in order to help them better understand the world and the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other countries". The CFR promotes globalization, free trade, reducing financial regulations on transnational corporations, and economic consolidation into regional blocs such as NAFTA or the European Union, and develops policy recommendations that reflect these goals.[10][11][12]
It convenes meetings at which government officials, global leaders and prominent members of the foreign policy community discuss major international issues. Its think tank, the David Rockefeller Studies Program, is composed of about fifty adjunct and full-time scholars, as well as ten in-residence recipients of year-long fellowships, who cover the major regions and significant issues shaping today's international agenda. These scholars contribute to the foreign policy debate by making recommendations to the presidential administration, testifying before Congress, serving as a resource to the diplomatic community, interacting with the media, authoring books, reports, articles, and op-eds on foreign policy issues.
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